Motivation and Social Facilitation

Question 1

What are the two types of extrinsic motivation and give examples?

Answer 1

Tangible - trophy/reward/prize/certificate
Intangible - praise/records/applause

Question 2

What is an advantage of intrinsic motivation?

Answer 2

Gives performer sense of control over performance

Question 3

What are some disadvantages of extrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

• Excessive can lead to playing for prizes/losing love of the game/intrinsic motivation
• Performers can demand increasing extrinsic rewards and some rewards can lose value
• Excessive can lead to too much pressure/win at all costs and lead to cheating

Question 4

What is Atkinson’s model of achievement motivation?

Answer 4

Performers have either a desire to succeed (approach behaviour) or a fear of failure (avoidance behaviour)

Question 5

What 3 factors does the model of achievement motivation depend upon?

Answer 5

• Probability of success
• Incentive value of success (rewards)
• nAch/Naf personality

Question 6

What are the strategies that could be used to develop a nAch personality?

Answer 6

Reinforcement - praise/rewards
Attribute success internally - success was due to player
Allow success - to increase confidence, coach can make tasks easier
Goal setting - Achievable goals that can be met with an amount of effort

Question 7

What is Zajonc’s theory of social facilitation?

Answer 7

The presence of others increases arousal and can have a positive or negative impact on performance

Question 8

Explain the examples of social facilitation

Answer 8

Mere presence of others (audience, coaction) - increased arousal, then either inhibition due to complex task/novice, or facilitation due to expert/simple task
Interactive others - Competitive coaction, social reinforcement (direct influence eg coach)

Question 9

What is the difference between social facilitation and social inhibition?

Answer 9

Social facilitation - Increase in arousal due has positive influence on performance
Social inhibition - Negative influence on performance

Question 10

What is the drive theory

Answer 10

As arousal increases, performance increases in a linear fashion

Question 11

What is evaluation apprehension?

Answer 11

The negative influence of others only if the performer feels they are being judged

Question 12

What are some strategies to eliminate the negative effect of an audience?

Answer 12

• Train in front of others and gradually increase the size of the audience
• Improve selective attention and cut out the effect of the audience
• Reduce the importance of the event
• Avoid making social comparisons with others and don’t evaluate
• Encourage teammates to be supportive
• Mental rehearsal
• Goal setting
• Ensure skills are over learned/highly skilled/autonomous