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Pysch > Motivation and Emotions > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

Overview Questions

A

How does motivation activate, direct, and sustain behavior?

why are humans social?

how do people achieve personal goals?

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2
Q

what factors are involved with motivation?

A

factors that energize, initiate, direct, and sustain behavior

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3
Q

what are needs? how are they related to motivation?

A

states of deficiency

since we want to get rid of this state, it leads to motivation (either positive or negative behavior)

produce states of arousal which drive behavior

both basic needs and pyschological needs

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4
Q

How did Maslow help shape humanistic pysch?

A

developed concept of “hierarchy of needs” - shaped in a pyramid

self actualization (“be all you can be concept,” if everyone’s needs are met)

esteem (how we feel about ourselves)

belonging and love

safety (basic)

physicological (basic)

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5
Q

what are drives?

A

pyschological states activated to satisfy needs that are not present at the time

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6
Q

what does negative feedback help maintain?

A

homeostasis

need sense of balance

if not met we have drives to meet needs (emotional, physical, etc)

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7
Q

what did hull propose?

A

hull propsed that specific aroused drive states increase in proportion to amount of deprivation

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8
Q

what is habit?

A

behaviors that consistently reduce drives and arousal become “habit”

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9
Q

what is incentive?

A

“incentives” are external motivators and are culturally determined

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10
Q

what is the yerkes-dodson law?

A

need optimal level of arousal

need to be engaged and stimulates but not over/underwhelmed

performance is based on this concept

ex. extroverts need more stimulation, need to function in optimal arousal while introverts need less stimulation

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11
Q

what are some behaviors motivated for one’s own sake?

A

extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation

curiosity, play, and exploratory drive

creativity and problem-solving

control therory and self-perception

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12
Q

what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

A

extrinsic = external, working toward reward rather than for internal reasons, therefore has less meaning

ex. studying for a defree

intrinsic= internal, nothing external - do it solely because you want to do it

ex. studying because you love something

*extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation

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13
Q

why do humans have a fundamental need to belong? what is the social exclusion theory?

A

the need to belong is a basic motive that drives behavior and influences cognition and emotion

not belonging increases risk for health problems (including emotional distress) - social supports is proven to help immune system

social exclusion theory = no human wants to be excluded, there is an innate need to fell included/ socially involved

physiological risk to not be comfortable/ conform

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14
Q

what do people do when they are anxious?

A

people seek others

isolation produces anxiety, but anxiety motivates the desire for company - most comfotable to be with others that have the same emotions

misery loves miserable company, not just any company

ex. people anxious waiting for shock want to sit with others that are anxious

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15
Q

what is the social comparison theory?

A

humans compare themselves to others

human instinct

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16
Q

what are the three things emotional reactions include?

A

subjective mental states

feelings and cognitive appraisals of anger, happiness, despair, love, etc

impulses to act and related behavior

to attack, flee, embrace, etc

profound bodily changes

ANS sympathetic activity (fight or flight)

PNS skeleto-muscular responses - especially facial (smile and frown)

CNS activation of multiple NT pathways (dopamine for pleasure and norepinephrine for arousal)

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17
Q

what does the pyschological model of emotion look like?

A

physiological process–>

expressive behavior–> EMOTION

cognitive appraisal –>

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18
Q

what was the experiment done with smiling and frowning?

A

facial expressions people have between sucking on a pen or having it between their teeth

more giddy when between teeth

more sad when sucked on

has to do with muscles used when smiling/ frowning -facial muscular responses affect emotion

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19
Q

what are the three theories of emotion?

A

james-lange

cannon-bard

two-factor

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20
Q

what is the james-lange theory?

A

physical reaction directly causes fear

ex. when see bear - heart pounding, trembling, sweating, and running away - these things trigger fear

bear –> specific physiological state –> fear

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21
Q

what is the cannon-bard theory?

A

simultaneously have physcial reaction and fear

ex. when see bear you become scared at the same time physical reactions occur

specific physiological state + bear –> experience of fear

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22
Q

what is the schachter-singer two-factor theory?

A

body responds and congnitive processing combined leads to fear

*cognitive appraisal sets this theory apart from the others- how we label something determines if we are fearful or experiencing another emotion

ex. when seeing a bear, physical response and thinking “that is one scary bear, I am afraid of it” leads to fear

bear –> general physiological arousal –> experience of fear

23
Q

what role does the amygdala play?

A

plays an important role in emotion

threat detector

24
Q

what is appraisal?

A

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

25
Q

what are the two pathways of fear in the brain?

A

fast

thalamus -> amygdala

don’t truly interpret what we are seeing

slow

thalamus-> cortex -> amygdala

*happen simultaneously

26
Q

what are emotions?

A

complex reactions, how we feel, experiencing world

27
Q

how does botox affect emotion?

A

affects facial feedback hypothesis

people experience emotion less inensely - the muscles in the face are not as strong (more frozen)

28
Q

do emotions have a cognitive component?

A

Schacter’s 2 factor theory proposes that emotions result from the interaction of physiological arousal and congnitive appraisal

*people can misattribute the source of emotional states

29
Q

emotion video

A

drugs stimulate the limbic system

amphetamine was given to everyone so there would be chemical changes

2 thought they received the placebo - they were more jittery and anxious

people knowing that they were given the pills were more happy and amused

*depends on what they were expecting to receive (subjective feeling)

physical aspects are only part of emotion - understanding and interpretation play a huge role (not consistent with J-L theory)

30
Q

how does expecting emotion affect emotion?

A

people who are expecting emtion know why there body is responding the way it is

therefore they will not be as angry/ happy

31
Q

are there “universal” (cross-culturally evident) emotions?

A

evidence is strong that 6 emtions are recognixed as “universal”

cross cultural emotions = biological basis, emotions are universal

existing across cultures and relatively independently of cultural contexts of expression

ex. actors posed in photos and swedes, japs, kenyans and isolated tribe could all identify emotions

*happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise

32
Q

what evidence from children proves that there are universal emotions?

A

children born blind cry, smile, and laugh under essentially the same conditions that elicit these reactions in sighted children

much the same is true of children born both deaf and blind

therefore, since emotions are displayed in the same manner, emotions are biological

33
Q

what do facial expressions communicate?

A

across cultures, they reveal universal emotions (anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise) that may be biologically based

34
Q

what do display rules govern?

A

display rules govern how and when emotions are exhibited

ex. different emotions present in different contexts (funeral vs. party vs. class vs. work)

gender differences in display rules guide emotional expression and reflect norms

ex. males show more anger than women, women are more sad then men

35
Q

how do display rules tie in with culture?

A

emotional expereince may be relatively independent of culture, but culturally-dependent “display rules” control expression

ex. Japanese and american subjects both watched a gruesome film of a primitive puberty rite while being filmed unknowingly, in and out of presence of a lab-coated experiment

americans showed the same level of emotional expression for both situations

Japenese had less facial expression

*different cultures lead to difference emotions shown (more resreved with emotions in japan in front of other “authority” figures)

36
Q

excitation transfer video

A

does danger lead to passion?

falling in love is an intense emotional experience and almost interchangable with other emotions

attractive woman gives a picture to a man and he has to write an essay, after she gives them her number (done on a rickety bridge and a safe bridge)

men on the rickety bridge wrote more romantic and sexual context and were more likely to call her

heart pounding = higher/better emotion

transfer of emotion (physically activated -> fear -> love)

37
Q

conclusions about universality and display rules

A

cultural norms affect expression (display rules) more than experience of basic universal emotion

it is likely there is a dampening (or augmenting) effect on emotional experience due to display rules affected by cultural conditions and circumstances

*face is critical to emotional feedback

38
Q

are all emotions physiologically identical?

A

no

each emotion has its own “physiological signature”

there is a unique type of “neural circuitry” associated with specific emotions

people have “affective style”

39
Q

what is the “autonomic fingerprint” evidence?

A

Eckman et al. (1983) had subjects express various emotions in the face while researchers recorded a variety of autonomic arousal measures

results showed relatively distinct patterns of autonomic activity for different emotional displays

*look at chart

40
Q

how can we detect deception?

A

humans are terrible at determining if someone is lying because there are no valid indicators given when someone lies

we are often distracted by displays of emotion (ex. eye contact)

polygraphs and FMRI scans are used to understand if someone is lying

FMRI scans - red areas activate more often when telling a lie, there are brain difference between truth and lie

polygraphs - measure autonomic nervous system reactivity, see physiological changes

thermal imagery (more activated when trying to control facial expressions)

41
Q

how do the amygdala and prefrontal cortext damage affect emotion?

A

amygdala damage produces social impairment in evaluating emotional expression - absence of fear and leads to social impairments (ex. trustworthiness)

normal persons can judge trustworthiness from photos, but amygdala damaged people struggle

prefrontal damage yields social-emotional deficits too

42
Q

how are emotion systems lateralized in the brain?

A

individual differences in relative cerebral asymmetry are associated with dispositional affective style

left-hemisphere dominant persons show greater positive affect

more resiliant, rebound quicker, optimistic and happier

right-hemisphere dominance predicts negative affect

more pesimistic, can’t turn off negative emotion

43
Q

how does the presence of verebral leteralization point towards individual differences in “affective style”

A

differ in styles of response to emotional stimuli and challenge

different affective styles appear to be correlated with different neural circuits - due to pathways and regions activating

dispositional readiness to experience positive and negative emotions

44
Q

what does evidence suggest that extreme right-prefrontal activation is associated with?

A
  1. larger decreases in natural killer (NK) cells in response to stress (reduced immune functioning)
  2. higher plasma cortisol levels (cortisol is a stress related hormone)
  3. deficits in reducing negative affect once it arises
    ex. when exposed to pictures or other negative stimuli designed to be stessful, right-active subjects “recover” much more slowly from emotional challenge - suggests a deficiency in the stress-response systems of such persons
45
Q

what conclusions can we draw from people who are more right-prefrontal?

A

this deficit may be best conceptualized as a generalized failure of inhibitory control over negative affective arousal and experience

right-active people can’t turn off negative feelings

46
Q

can the brain rewire?

A

yes - brain has plasticity

there therefore can be emotional circutry changes

ex. mindfulness research study

measured by EEG - these people felt better, had a better immune system, and had higher left brain activation

47
Q

how do individual differences make people stress resistant and stress vulnerable?

A

people with “hardiness” (personality traits of commitment, challenge, and control) show less negative responses to stressful events

this makes people more resistant to stress- they are commited and want to overcome stress

social support faciliates stress-management and promotes “resiliance”

48
Q

what is emotion regulation?

A

the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience

involves thinking and behavior

49
Q

what is reappraisal?

A

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus

shifting from reframing situations

50
Q

stress management video

A

meditation makes man feel more relaxed - muscle tension had the most dramatic change

can use mind to change stress of the body

however, doing this too chronically leads to poorer performance and efficiency

monks can sit with ice cold sheets around them and make them hot (without increasing heart rate)

increase in stress hormones - increased basal metabolism - therefore leading you to feel warmer

51
Q

what was mischel’s “marshmallow test?”

A

4 year olds were given the choice of having one marshmallow immediately or waiting until the experimenter returned and then receiving 2 marshmallows

children at age 4 who were able to delay gratification were…

more well-adjusted teens

handled stress better

were more confident and self-reliant

were more persistant in attaining goals

more successful academically - 210 points higher on SAT and higher GPAs

*demonstrated the importance of emotional regulation, espexially ability to exercise delay of gratification

52
Q

candy bar videoclip

A

1 piece of candy later or the whole bar later?

kids under 4 all had the one piece right awy

ages 4-5 could project into the future (however, they did not know how long 10 minutes was)

had delayed gratification

53
Q

what are goleman’s 5 aptitudes of emotional intelligence?

A
  1. self-awareness: aware of own functioning, needs, and emotion
  2. self-soothing: feeling better by calming yourself
  3. self-motivation: stay focused and directed
  4. empathy: relating to others
  5. effective relating: relating with others, can get along well with others and self
54
Q

summary

A

emotions are complex reactions fully integrated with the whole of psychological existence

emotions are rooted in neurobiological processes that are intergrated with how we learn, remember, think, behave, and experience ourselves and the world around us

emotions and emotional learning are key to our level of health and adaptation to the world - leads to our success and helps us in decision makeing

*supports the concept of emotional intelligence (whole perosn - not just intellect)

Pysch (15 decks)

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