Development Flashcards

Question

what theory did kohlberg create? what are the 3 levels?

Answer 1

moral reasoning preconventional level conventional level postconventional level

Answer 2

thinks in ages - we can go back and forth, and for some things we will never fully understand something women is near death from cancer and she cannot afford the drug - pharmacist makes a lot of money but cannot provide them the drup husband steals drug was man right to steal?

Answer 3

preconventional (birth to adolescence) stage 1 - punishment and obedience stage 2 - instrumental/ exchange conventional (adolescence/ young adult) stage 3 - good child stage 4- law and order \*based on social rule - keep order in the world postconventional (adulthood) stage 5- social contract stage 6 - universal ethics \*ethical interpretation - life more than the law?

Answer 4

boy goes to a party and mom said not to talk to anyone the boy says that he won't help a boy that has fallen and scraped his knee (for girls too) mother's law is unbreakable as kids get older - responses change and they have their own sense of right and wrong between the ages of 8-9 - cognitive leap and making own decisions now

Answer 5

environment, parents, situation, and nature concrete thought processes associated with intellectual issues impact morality (concrete= simple level - distinctions not made, just have to follow rules) parents teach kids empathy, sympathy secure attachment promotes appropriate guilt, empathy, sympathy (helps us build positive moral development) frontal lobes involved in morality (moral functioning changes if damaged)

Answer 6

the 8 stages of human development

Answer 7

oral sensory feeding trust vs. mistrust child develops a belief that the environment can be counted on to meet his or her basic physciological and social needs (need to form an attachment)

Answer 8

muscular-anal toilet training autonomy vs. shame/doubt child learns what he or she can control and develops a sense of free will and corresponding sense of regret and sorrow for inappropriate use of self-control move more freely and independently

Answer 9

locomotor independence initiative vs. guilt child learns to being action, to explore, to imagine, and to feel remorse for actions

Answer 10

latency school industry vs. inferiority child learns to do things well or correctly in comparison to a standard or to others grade school - capable or inferior? inferiority will continue if felt in this stage - pyschosocial crisis

Answer 11

adolescence peer relationships identity vs. role confusion adolescent develops a sense of self in relationship to others and to own internal thoughts and desires

Answer 12

young adulthood love relationships intimacy vs. isolation person develops the ability to give and receive love - begins to make long-term commitment to relationships

Answer 13

middle adulthood parenting generativity vs. stagnation person develops interest in guiding the development of the next generation

Answer 14

maturity reflection on and acceptance of one's life ego intergrity vs. despair person develops a sense of acceptance of life as it was lived and the importance of the people and relationship that the individual developed over the life span

Answer 15

younger adults are oriented toward future-pertinent (useful) info while older adults focus on positive emotional satisfaction in the present (shortened futures) older adults focus on and remember more positive experiences and emotions

Answer 16

people married tend to live longer lives marital satisfaction increases when kids are all grown up (lowest in their teen years)

Answer 17

strong emotional bond with others that continues over time

Answer 18

the imprinting concept since a man fed the geese, an attachment was created and the geese wanted caretakers

Answer 19

infants have traits that elicit certain nuturing responses these traits were due to feeding them

Answer 20

research on monkey's - had a monkey that was furry with no milk and a cage monkey with milk monkey goes to furry mom even though she had no food - want comfort/ contact more than anything (have a secure base) monkey learned about surroundings with comfort of mom - explored and touched base with mom contact comfort\>wired monkey monkeys that went to clothed monkey did better

Answer 21

attachment is due to food "contact comfort" important to attachment used cloth mother as secure base includes having a safe base when distressed, wanting to explore monkey's in strange situation without "mothers" were terrified

Answer 22

securely attached (60%) - touch base and explore, then when mothers leave kids become distressed, when they come back they run to parent and soothed \*advance and have positive relationships avoidant (20%) - don't care if parents leave, don't notice because no attachment is formed anxious/ambivalant (15%)- attached in ambivalent way - become extremely distressed when parent leaves and when they come back they are both angry and relieved disorganized category (5%) - no consistent response

Answer 23

if institutionalized more than 8 months - lasting emotional scars age 2 poor attachment critical period - harlow's monkey's in isolation - agressive/ fearful - neglected and abused offspring 30% abused will abuse own kids

Answer 24

13 months kids start forming other attachments too erikson would say moving on from pyschosocial challenge of mistrust to next developmental challenge out of conflict between trust and mistrust kids develop hope... which later develops faith

Answer 25

need parental warmth permissive (indulgent/indifferent) - let kid be who they are going to be - little rules and restraints authoratarian - make rules and have to follow it (not depending on child's personality)

Answer 26

YES - parenting comparable to mother's in prediciting health and well being british study following 7000+ kids from birth to adulthood found in kids with fathers most involved in parenting tend to achieve more in school, even if control for parent education and wealth

Answer 27

attachment concern? no major impact on development/attachment if high quality day care poor care is boring and unresponsive - due to poverty day care leads to slightly higher thinking, language skills, agressiveness, defiency, and stress hormones working parents tend to spend more time during off work hours playing, talking, and holding compared to "non-work" counterparts

Answer 28

a majority of parents now work and entrust their children's care to someone else a longitudinal study showed that non-maternal daycare had little effect on mother-child attachment however, infants who had insensitive or unresponsive mothers and who had poor-quality daycare for more than 10 hours a week were especially likely to be insecurely attached

Answer 29

yes others respond to their needs not all cultures focus on parents having the strongest attachment

Answer 30

thinking critically confounding variables in research (3rd variables) high conflict is the major issue (worse than divorce/present before divorce and domestic harmful abuse) poverty lack of father involvement

Answer 31

tempermant differences between "difficult" and "easy" kids Van den Boom's research proved that difficult kids had a hard time forming attachments sensitivity training increased attachment with training (know how to work with temper) child expectations (ex. discipline with hitting) and peer group influences

Answer 32

able to predict 2 types of kids through actions when toy placed in front of them quiet/shy = reactivity with arms and legs and crying with distress - overstimulated in normal environment social/outgoing = happy and little noise, lack of tension in arms and legs - low stress and will be able to adjust to new situations shy vs. outgoing shy= activity in one lobe, outgoing= activity in other lobe experience affects and can change babies tempermants

Answer 33

innate, biological behavioral and emotional style shyness is one style that can be consistent and enduring "goodness of fit" matters because environment where time to adjust/accept style helps dynamic interaction between parent/child/environment nature vs nuture issue

Answer 34

born brave or scared kagan researched high vs low reactive infants high = anything new upset the kid dramatically - continues through life (frightened by strange places, no laughter when pours liquid on table - very tense) research done with monkeys too switched parents with kids (shy with outgoing) no matter what genetics - parents and environment will affect the kids more - CAN overcome shyness

Answer 35

"the behavior of every human being can be likened to a pale grey fabric: black with biological threads, white with experience. but these threads are so thin and so intricately woven together that you can never see any black threads or any white ones" talks about the complexity of development