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Pysch > conciousness > Flashcards

conciousness Flashcards

1
Q

what are altered states of conciousness?

A

forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective expereience of the world and the mind

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2
Q

what are the 2 states of altered states of conciousness?

A

hypnagogic state

hynopompic state

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3
Q

what is the hypnagogic state?

A

presleep state

where you are just starting to fall asleep - jerk or perception and where you are woken up and you didn’t think you fell asleep yet

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4
Q

what is the hynopompic state?

A

waking state

where you are starting to orient with the environment and becoming in root with your conciousness

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5
Q

what is circadian rhythm?

A

a naturally occuring 24-hour cycle

biologically driven that we need sleep to function (almost as if we need a 25 hour day)

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6
Q

how is the sleep cycle measured?

A

brain shows EEG changes in beta, alpha, theta, and delta waves

measures the electrical activities of the brain

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7
Q

how many stages of sleep are there? what are they and what waves are they associated with?

A

5 stages (stages 1-4 and REM sleep stage)

awake - beta

drowsy/relaxed - alpha

stage 1 - theta waves (not very deep)

stage 2 - sleep spindles and k complexes (deeper) - bigger juts represent firing or bursts of activity in brain - don’t wake you up (pretty deep state of sleep)

stage 3/4 - delta waves (slow up and down - deepest)

REM sleep - fast, random sawtooth waves - fast

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8
Q

how long do you spend in each stage of sleep per night?

A

dont stay in deep sleep for long

REM is in stage 1 - brain is active

first 4 hours are not much REM sleep

gradually get into lighter and lighter stages until you wak up

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9
Q

how does sleep deprivation affect us?

A

memories deteriorate unless sleep occurs

REM sleep deprivation has the MOST detrimental effects, then followed by slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4)

sleep helps consolidate info - brain rests and incorporates info

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10
Q

facts about sleep (from video)

A

*get about one hour of sleep for every 2 awake

1/3 life sleeping

42% say they are not getting enough sleep

more than 80 types of sleep disorders

insomnia is the #1 sleep disorder

less sleep = hypertension and weakened immune system

medaphanol is used to stay awake - artificially triggers body to think it is awake (used for sleep disorders like narcolepsy)

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11
Q

what are some of the major sleep disorders?

A

insomnia

sleep apnea

somnambulism

narcolepsy

sleep paralysis

night terrors

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12
Q

what is insomnia?

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

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13
Q

what is sleep apnea?

A

the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

therefore no deep sleep

caused by being overweight and possible diabetes conditions

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14
Q

what is somnambulism?

A

sleep walking

occurs when the person arises and walks around during sleep

more present in kids

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15
Q

what is narcolepsy?

A

sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

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16
Q

what is sleep paralysis?

A

the experience of waking up and being unable to move

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17
Q

what are night terrors?

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

look awake but cannot be woken up

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18
Q

is sleep an adaptive behavior?

A

YES

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19
Q

what are microsleeps?

A

restoration and sleep deprivation cause this

people conk out briefly because they are too tired to function

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20
Q

what is a circadian rhythm?

A

LOOK UP

restoration and sleep deprivation cause this

lack of sleep effects one pyschologically - people go pyschotic

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21
Q

how does sleep help learning?

A

helps the brain store info

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22
Q

what is the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A

during dreams, random brain firing and trying to make sense of events experienced recently

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23
Q

what are threat-rehersal strategies?

A

no idea

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24
Q

what is hypnosis?

A

an altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one’s actions are occurring involuntarily

helps people quickly gain a state of relaxation - some people easier than others (subject to agreeableness)

the essence of hypnosis is in leading people to expect that certain things will happen that are outside their conscious will

25
Q

what is hypnosis useful for?

A

pain relief and other problematic issues - like phobias and anxieties

can alternate conciousness even more than acupuncture, morphine, asprin, pacebo, diazepam, etc

26
Q

what is meditation?

A

the practice of intentional contemplation

variety of techniques in and outside of religion

effects include rest, revitalization, and psychological well-being (long term effects are controversial, temporarily altered patterns of brain activation - EEG)

27
Q

what are altered states of meditation?

A

occur during religious prayer or worship

some claim to experience profound or exstatic fervor

brain activation similar in cases of epilepsy (Joan of Arc)

28
Q

what are the patterns of brain activation involved with hypnosis?

A

PET scan of subjects performing 3 tasks

  1. perception (heard sentence)
  2. imagination (imagined hearing)
  3. hallucination (hypnotist suggested sentence was said again - think they heard sentence)

right anterior cingulate cortex (area involved in attention) was just as active as was when they participated in hearingz

29
Q

what does our senses do?

A

encode the information our brains perceive

30
Q

what is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

sensation is simple stimulation of a sense organ

perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation - make sense of

31
Q

what are the basic processes of sensation?

A
  1. modification via accessory structures - eyes and ears
  2. transduction - process of communication
  3. encoding - meaning and establishment
  4. representation in cortex - where we understand it
32
Q

what is modification of stimuli via accessory structures?

A

lens of eye is accessory structure that changes light by focusing it

outer part of ear is acessory structure that collects sound

33
Q
A
34
Q

what is transduction?

A

the process of converting energy into neural activity - stimuli is noticed and sensory signal is transmitted to be processed

occurs at sensory receptors

sensory receptors respond especially to CHANGES in stimulus intensity

benign things aren’t noticed and engage when we notice stimuli

process of adaptation - decreased responsiveness in firing of cells and conscious experiencing, occurs to an unchanging stimulus over time

35
Q

what is the difference between signal detection and sensory adaptation?

A

sensory signals are perceived among environmental “noise”

signal detection theory - the response to a stimulus depends both on the person’s sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person’s response criterion (takes into account individual perceptual sensitivity)

detects stimuli and processes it - looks for changes

sensory adaptation - sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions

36
Q

what is encoding?

A

coding = translation of physical stimulus properties into patterns of neural activity that specifically identify those physical properties (like color, shape, important lines, etc)

final output is action potentials firing down sensory neurons

firing = transmission

37
Q

what is representation?

A

encoded info is represented in the cortex

thalamus is relay station for sensory info (except smell)

makes sense of what is occuring

38
Q

where do topographical representations exist? how are they sensed?

A

cortex

(somatosensory, visual, auditory, etc)

they are contralateral

39
Q

where does visual sensation begin with modification structures in the eye?

A

cornea

iris

pupil

lens

40
Q

how does light pass through the eye?

A

light passes through the cornea, to the pupil (iris surounding), to the lens (accomodation), and to the retina (phototransduction)

accomodation = process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

retina = light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball

*visual stimuli is all related to light

41
Q

what is the blind spot in the eye? where is it found?

A

a location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina because the corresponding area of the retina contains neither rods nor cones and therefore has no mechanism to sense light

located right near the optic nerve

42
Q

whate are the 2 types of photoreceptor cells in the retina? what do they do?

A

rods and cones

PHOTOTRANSDUCITON - contain light sensitive pigments that transduce light into neural impulses

43
Q

what is a cone?

A

detects color, operates under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail

more centered part of the retina

44
Q

what is the fovea?

A

an area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all (only cones)

45
Q

what are rods?

A

photoreceptors cells that become active under low-light conditions for night vision

light/dark

black/white

peripherally located in the retina

ex. this is why when you look at a star from the corner of your eye it looks brighter

46
Q

what is the visual pathway from eye through the brain?

A
  1. ocipital lobe
  2. project to the thalamus
  3. cortex - more abstract, new and old come together (react to visual stimuli)

*receptors pick up stimuli - pick up different lines and work stimotaniously

47
Q

what is distal stimulus versus proximal stimulus? what does this lead to?

A

distal stimulus - thing we see

proximal stimulus - true nature of the object - the brain transforms distal stimulus

leads to perception

48
Q

what are transduciton structures?

A

photoreceptive layer (note the distribution of rods and cones - relation to fovea)

49
Q

what are encoding structures?

A

output from bipolar cells creates coding in ganglion cells which collectively form the optic nerve and relay ulimately to the occipital lobe

interpret and relay back to the brain

50
Q

in what order does light stimulus hit the different layers of the eye?

A

hits at the fovea then translates back

  1. photoreceptive layer - hits the rods and cones (more rods)
  2. hits the bipolar layer
  3. goes to ganglion layer
  4. goes to bundles of axons - optic nerve
51
Q

what does perception involve? what does construction involve?

A

perception involves “construction” of the world

construction involves…

selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

perceptual construction is influenced by attitudes, preferences, and social-situational contexts of perception

ex. expectations

52
Q

what is an example of a context effect?

A

12

A 13 C

14

or subliminal messages (sex)

see how we want to see it when looking at context

53
Q

what is the oliver sacks case of Mr. P?

A

man who had visual agnosia - eyes are fine but he can’t interpret anything - damage to visual cortex

failure to recognize faces (distinguish from objects)

for him, a rose was a convoluted red from with linear green attachment BUT when he smells it he knows what it is

sings to keep organized

sensory/ perceptual disturbance?

confused wife with a hat

54
Q

what is the case on losing sense of touch?

A

can’t control movement - had to use vision to move

man regained ability to move

standing perfectly still is hardest

attacked sensory nerves - compensating with visual nerves

55
Q

what was the sacks case with synathesia?

A

see colors when hearing music/ taste and color/ sound and color

boy schocked when D major was not seen as blue by his piano teacher

even more shocked when he found a person who saw it as yellow

no 2 people with synastia agree

56
Q

what are the qualities of conciousness in dreaming that distinguish it from the waking state?

A

feel emotion intensely

thought is illogical

sensation is fully formed and meaningful

occurs with uncritical experience

difficulty remembering

57
Q

manifest content of a dream

A

dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning

58
Q

latent content of a dream

A

dream’s true meaning

59
Q

hypnotic analgesia

A

reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are hypnotically susceptible

Pysch (15 decks)

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