Motivation and Attitude Flashcards
Whether you're feeling motivated to study or would rather stare blankly at the wall, this deck will cover the full scope of MCAT content regarding motivation and attitude.
Fill in the blank.
______ are unlearned, innate behaviors present in animals, such as the urge to procreate and preening.
Instincts
Instincts are fixed, or hard-wired. While humans do have instincts (such as a fear of snakes), instincts are generally discussed in the context of non-human animals.
What is the term for the psychological concept that brain stimulation for motivation seeks to maximize?
arousal
The search for arousal by humans is often driven by the desire to avoid boredom.
What did psychologist Abraham Maslow argue is often mistaken for instinct, but is actually just strong impulses?
drives
Drives are characterized by a sense of urgency as a result of feelings of discomfort, including thirst, hunger, or fatigue.
Fill in the blank.
Drives are thought to exist to ensure that our body returns to ________ when disturbed.
homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to a state of internal stability with regard to physiological parameters. This ties into drive theory, in that we feel drives (such as hunger or thirst) when our homeostasis has been disrupted.
Which type of drive is innate and biologically-based?
This category includes fundamental drives such as thirst, hunger, a desire for sex, and the need to avoid or protect oneself from extreme temperatures.
Primary drives
Primary drives are fundamental and biologically-based; in other words, they don’t require any meaningful amount of learning to develop.
Which type of drive is relatively complex and is typically learned?
For example, this category includes the drive to attain prestige or a well-respected socioeconomic position.
Secondary drives
These typically develop due to learning that ties them to more basic primary drives. For example, a person may learn early in life that those with wealth or prestigious careers tend to be fed, have shelter, and acquire sexual partners more easily than those without.
Fill in the blank.
Needs are often included when discussing drive and motivation. Maslow argued for the existence of the high-level need for ________-_________, or the realization of one’s full potential.
self-actualization
Name at least three biological motivators for behavior.
- Hunger
- Thirst
- Sexual reproduction
- Need for a healthy body temperature
- Addiction
Fill in the blank.
_______ motivators are elements/factors within our environment that drive certain behaviors, such as dress and diet.
Psychosocial or Cultural
These motivators may be social constructs, such as the dress, diet, and appearance “expected” of women by the culture in which they live. For example, predominately Muslim countries may expect women to cover varying degrees of their bodies to show modesty.
Identify the motivational theory illustrated in the example below.
“My eyes hurt, I feel exhausted, and I can’t think straight, so I will go to sleep.”
Drive reduction theory
This theory posits that physiological discomfort will cause one to behave in a specific manner to relieve that discomfort.
What theory of motivation suggests that behavior is influenced by both the expectation of success and the importance assigned to certain tasks?
Expectancy-value theory
Here, “expectancy” refers to the anticipation of success or failure at a task, while “value” refers to how important one believes that task to be.
Fill in the blank.
According to expectancy-value theory, people are least motivated to engage in an activity when they have a _____ [low/high] perceived chance of success and believe the activity _____ [is/is not] important.
Choose one term from each box above to correctly complete the sentence.
low, is not
Here, both the expectation (failure) and the value (unimportant) are associated with low motivation.
True or false.
According to expectancy-value theory, in order for a person to be motivated to complete an activity, that person must expect to succeed at the activity.
False
Expectancy-value theory has two components: expectancy (or expectation) and value. Even if expectations are low (that is, the person expects failure), he or she will still be motivated if the activity is considered sufficiently valuable.
Identify the motivational theory illustrated in the example below.
Some MCAT students use customized study plans to set daily, weekly, and monthly goals. They can then check off each goal as it is completed, allowing them to stay motivated through the prep process.
Goal-setting theory
This theory posits that there is a connection between setting goals and task performance. By first setting and achieving small goals (leading to positive feedback), one is more likely to accomplish more difficult goals.
Identify the motivational theory illustrated in the example below.
A pre-med student studies very hard in school in order to get her best chance at becoming a physician because she wants to make her family proud.
Incentive theory posits that we are driven to behave in certain ways by incentives, i.e. things that encourage or discourage certain behaviors.
Define:
primary reinforcers
Primary reinforcers are rewards that correspond to basic, fundamental biological needs.
The concept of primary and secondary reinforcers is relevant to both drive reduction theory (hence the similarity to primary and secondary drives) and the incentive theory of motivation.
Define:
secondary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers are rewards that correspond to more complex concepts than simple physiological needs.
Examples of secondary reinforcers include money, praise, and the respect of peers.
To an extremely thirsty person, water is an example of what kind of reinforcer?
primary reinforcer
Since thirst is a primary (or biologically-based drive), water is a primary reinforcer. Other primary reinforcers include food, shelter, and sex.
Describe the difference between a secondary drive and a secondary reinforcer.
- Drives refer to senses of urgency that we are “driven” to reduce.
- Reinforcers are rewards that we seek to reduce those drives.
This applies to both primary and secondary drives. For instance, secondary drives are senses of urgency that are relatively complex and generally learned, while secondary reinforcers (for example, money) are rewards we seek to fulfill that sense of urgency.
Fill in the blank.
Desperate parents at their wits’ end with their stubborn child decide to pay him for every passing grade he receives. If the child then starts to do well at school, he can be said to be ________ motivated to complete schoolwork.
extrinsically
Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation to complete a task that stems from rewards. These rewards are often money (as in this example) but can also be less concrete, such as prestige or praise.
Fill in the blank.
Motivation that comes when we find an activity to be rewarding in itself is termed ________ motivation.
intrinsic
For example, an amateur artist who loves to paint because she finds painting enjoyable even if she never makes any money doing it is intrinsically motivated.
True or false.
Intrinsic motivation is better than extrinsic motivation.
False
While this statement may sound very logical, it’s an oversimplification to say that either type of motivation is better than the other. After all, sometimes we need extrinsic motivation, whether to do a job we dislike to put food on the table, to get through a boring class, to lose weight, or for many other reasons.
Which theory of motivation arose from research on intrinsic motivation?
Self-determination theory
This theory views motivation through the lens of psychological needs (such as the need for autonomy) and posits that people feel a natural urge to grow and develop themselves.
According to self-determination theory, intrinsic motivation is driven by which three psychological needs?
The three psychological needs are:
* competence
* autonomy
* relatedness
In other words, we feel motivated to engage in activities that we perceive ourselves to be competent at, that we are given some autonomy (independence) to do, and that involve interconnection with others.
