Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
the driving force behind actions
- Extrinsic: based on external circumstances, tangible results
- Intrinsic: based on internal drive or perception
Instinct Theory
evolutionary programmed instincts lead to behaviors
Arousal Theory
perform actions to maintain the optimal level of arousal – awake and reactive to stimuli
Yerkes-Dodson Law: bell curve
– Arousal (x) by Performance (y): peak optimal arousal and performance
– lack of interest (low arousal) and anxiety (high.
arousal) lead to impaired performance
Drive Reduction Theory
motivation arises from desire to remove drives and uncomfortable states
Drives – internal states of tension that lead to behavior
– Primary drives – physical needs (homeostasis)
– Secondary drives – stem from learning (money, career, love)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(base –> tip of pyramid)
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
- SAFETY: security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property
- LOVE/BELONGING: friendship, family, sexual intimacy
- ESTEEM: self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect
- SELF ACTUALIZATION: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, acceptance of facts
Self-Determination Theory
3 universal needs:
- AUTONOMY: control of own actions
- COMPETENCE: excel at difficult tasks
- RELATEDNESS: feel accepted and desired
Incentive Theory
reward and punishment system – we focus on things that give us rewards and eliminate punishments
Expectancy-Value Theory
the amount of motivation needed to achieve a goal depends on the person’s expectation and value of success
Opponent-Process Theory
motivations are destructive if they cause self harm
– ongoing drug use and tolerance: body changes physiology to counter drugs, so naturally occurring drug no longer as effective (TOLERANCE), requiring much more to achieve same arousal level. Additional drug required to produce same effect, but body continues to change physiology (ADDICTION)
