Identity and Personality

Question 1

SIGMUND FREUD

Answer 1

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
– humans have a sex drive from birth, and identity is based on attempts to mitigate libidinal tensions that emerge throughout life

ORAL STAGE: 0-1 yrs

• • libidinal energy centered on the mouth
• • unresolved = high dependency

ANAL STAGE: 1-3 yrs

• • libidinal energy centered on the anus
• • unresolved = super orderly or very sloppy

PHALLIC STAGE: 3-5 yrs
Oedipus/Electra Complex – child views same-sex parent with envy because of how the other parent views them. Child begins to relate to their corresponding parent, develop a sexual identity, internalize moral code

LATENCY: 5 yrs - puberty
– after libido has been sublimated, redirected to other hobbies and activities

GENITAL STAGE: puberty - adulthood
– marked by healthy heterosexual relationships

Question 2

ERIK ERIKSON

Answer 2

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
– based on resolving the conflict between one’s needs and their social pressures

TRUST V. MISTRUST: 0-1 yrs
(+) – trust environment and themselves
(-) – suspicious of the world

AUTONOMY V. SHAME/DOUBT: 1-3 yrs
(+) – choices, self restraint, control
(-) – doubt, lack of control

INITIATIVE V. GUILT: 3-6 yrs
(+) – purpose, enjoy accomplishment, control
(-) – self restriction or excessive show off

INDUSTRY V. INFERIORITY: 6-12 yrs
(+) – competent, use abilities to impact world
(-) – inadequate, low self esteem

IDENTITY V. ROLE CONFUSION: adolescence
(+) – uniqueness, ongoing identity
(-) – identity confusion, changing personality

INTIMACY V. ISOLATION: young adulthood
(+) – love, ability to be intimate
(-) – distance, avoids commitment

GENERATIVITY V. STAGNATION: middle age
(+) – productive, caring member of society
(-) – bored, self-centered

INTEGRITY V. DESPAIR: old age
(+) – wisdom, accepted meaningful life
(-) – bitterness, worthless life

Question 3

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

Answer 3

MORAL THINKING
– as brain develops, we think of complex situations to a greater degree, subsequently influencing our concepts of right and wrong and our solutions to moral dilemmas.

PRE-CONVENTIONAL:
Stage 1 – avoidance of punishment
Stage 2 – desire to gain rewards

CONVENTIONAL:
Stage 3 – obedience to social norms
Stage 4 – maintenance of social order

POST-CONVENTIONAL:
Stage 5 – focus on individual rights
Stage 6 – considers abstract and universal ethical principles

Question 4

LEV VYGOTSKY

Answer 4

INTERNALIZATION OF CULTURE
– as a child internalizes culture, their cognition will also progress

Zone of Proximal Development: a skill that’s between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with adult guidance