Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation
The internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour.
- the desire to succeed/achieve
Intrinsic motivation
The motivation from within a performer (inner drive)
Shows as feelings of pride and satisfaction
Extrinsic motivation
From an outside source
Can be tangible or intangible
Examples of tangible rewards
Trophies Medals Certificates Money Badges
Examples of intangible rewards
Praise/encouragement from coach Smile Applause from crowd Pat of back Approval Social status Positive comments Beating a PB
Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
External rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation
Overuse of extrinsic can lead to loss in value/inscentive
Extrinsic causes pressure and can lead to cheating
Intrinsic is stronger and longer-lasting
4 motives for sport
1) Physical well-being
2) psychological well-being
3) Improvement of performance
4) Assertive achievement (accomplishing personal goals)
Age and gender on motivation
Older people motivated more than younger by psychological well-being.
Males more motivated by assertive achievement than females.
Ways of maintaining intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Rewards from early age Make activity fun and enjoyable Point out health benefits Break skill into parts to allow more success Point out role models Make performer feel responsible for any success achieved Set achievable goals and targets Use positive feedback
Goal setting
Identification of what the performer is trying to achieve at a specified time in the future
They: Direct attention(focus) Make practice planned and structured Ensure effort is sustained Motivating Provides specific evaluation& feedback
GOALS
Give direction Offer milestones of achievement Adherence(stay on task) Limit dreams -maintain focus Success
Outcome Goals
Concerned with end result
Performance Goals
Related to behaviour/comparison with past performances
Process-orientated Goals
How to become successful
SMART
Specific Measurable Agreed Realistic Time-phases
Use of LT and ST Goals
LT can be unrealistic/ineffective.
Set ST goals to proceed LT Goals.
Performance not outcome goals.
Not too easy or loss of motivation
Achievement Motivation
An individual drive to achieve success for its own sake.
Personality factors affecting achievement motivation
1) NEED TO ACHIEVE - (NACH)- person motivated to achieve for feeling of pride and satisfaction
2) NEED TO ABOID FAILURE - (NAF) - person motivated to avoid failure to not experience feelings of humiliation and shame.
Characteristics of NACH
Look for challenge Values feedback from others Persists longer Enjoys evaluation Takes risks High SE
Characteristics of NAF
Avoids challenge Gives up easily Dislikes feedback from others Dislikes 50-50 or evaluation Preoccupied with failure Low SE Unwilling to take risks
Situational factors on achievement motivation
1) task difficulty
2) incentive value of success - importance of success or failure
NACH and NAF behaviours
NACH- approach
NAF- avoidance
Competitiveness
NAF and NACH shown in sport as
NAF - competitive trait anxiety
NACH - competitiveness - three dimensions:
-competitiveness- desire to strive for success in sport events
-win orientation- desire to win competitive events
-goal orientation- desire to reach personal goals
Males more concerned with competitiveness and win orientation but females higher on goal orientation.
Athletes more concerned for performance tHan outcome
3 stages of development of achievement motivation in children
1) Autonomous Competence Stage
2) Social Comparison stage
3) Integrated stage
1)autonomous competence stage
Up to 5 years
Concerned with mastering skills and doing better than last time
Internal standards/ set own goals
2)Social comparison stage
From 6 years
Comparison of self to others
External standards
Competes to satisfy own ego and beat others
3)integrated stage
No fixed age
Reached when internal and external standards are used to evaluate performance.
