Aggression Flashcards
What is aggression?
The intention to harm outside the laws of the game/sport.
A behaviour not a thought. Intentional. Involves harm. Outside rules.
Hostile aggression
Primary intention to harm. Outside the rules. Anger
Instrumental aggression
Aggressive behaviour likely to harm but not intended to.
No anger. Outside rules
Assertive Behaviour
Not involve intention to harm. Legitimate force. Within rules.
E.g rushing net in tennis
4 Theories of aggression
1) Instinct Theories
2) Social learning theory
3) Frustration-aggression theory
4) Cue arousal theory/Aggressive cue hypothesis
Causes of aggression
Over arousal Provoked Type of sport Pressure Hostile crowd Frustration Unfair officiating Losing Near end of game Desire to win
External management and control of aggression
Punishment
Withdraw violent players
Reduce importance of event
Emphasis on positive role models
Reinforce non-aggressive behaviour
Internal management and control of aggression
Stress management techniques
Withdraw self from situation
Performance goals
Change in attitude
Strategies for officials to control aggression
Consistently and correctly applying rules - unbiased
Punish aggressive behaviour
Authority and control
Appropriate punishments
Strategies for coaches
Reinforce good behaviour Punish aggressive acts Substitution Encourage group responsibility Develop fitness levels Reduce importance of event Promote fair play Encourage good role-models
Instinct Theories
Aggression is natural characteristic and is necessary in development. Vital that pent-up aggression is released respectably - competative sport is a ‘catharsis’.
❌-human aggression not spontaneous they build up in sport
Social learning theory
Aggression is learned by observing others and/or by social reinforcement.
Attention—> retention —> motor reproduction —> motivational response
Suggests individuals can learn non-aggressive behaviours too. Coaches teaches play big role in this.
Frustration-Aggression theory
Frustration leads to aggression.
Obstacle to goal —> frustration —> aggression
❌frustration not always lead to aggression. Aggression can happen without frustration. Doesn’t account for situational factors.
Cue Arousal Theory/ Aggressive Cue Hypothesis
Frustration leads to anger and ‘readiness for aggressive behaviour’ (not a drive to be satisfied)
People are only aggressive if this is the the learned response through social learning or certain stimuli are present.
Causes of aggression
Over arousal Type of sport Hostile crowd Pressure Frustration Provoked Unfair officiating Losing Desire to win Game nearing end
