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Introduction to Neuroscience > Motivated Behaviors & Emotions > Flashcards

Motivated Behaviors & Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuroendocrine system?

A

Many body functions enlist humoral signals to regulate motivated behaviors – hormone regulation by hypothalamus via pituitary gland and feedback

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2
Q

What is the Prandial State?

A

Anabolism: Energy storage as glycogen and triglycerides during and shortly after food intake

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3
Q

What is the post-absorptive state?

A

Catabolism: Breaking down complex macromolecules from storage

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4
Q

What is Genetic Leptin deficiency? How is it treated?

A

Dysregulation of body fat; can be reversed by leptin treatment

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5
Q

What releases leptin into the bloody supply? Where are lepton receptors located?

A

Peripheral adipose cells; located on neurons in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus

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6
Q

What inhibits feeding behavior?

A

activation of sympathetic ANS

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7
Q

What stimulates feeding behavior?

A

activation of the parasympathetic system

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8
Q

How do hunger signals work?

A

Sight and thinking of food raises activity of parasympathetic and releases insulin in blood which produces a drop in blood glucose that initiates a response

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9
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

A drop in blood glucose levels which is sensed by specialized receptors via the vagus nerve

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10
Q

What is Lipoprivation?

A

A drop in fatty acid levels combined with a rise in ghrelin (stomach lining) signal arcuate nucleus neurons to initiate food intake

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11
Q

How does the satiety signal Gastric distension work?

A

Mechanoreceptors in the GI tract sense stomach distension and send action potentials

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12
Q

How does the satiety signal CCK work?

A

peptide released from GI tract responds to both volume and fatty content of food and signals us to stop eating

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13
Q

How is addiction prevented? Where does this process happen?

A

Dopamine receptor antagonists in the nucleus accumbens disrupt self-stimulation and the “wanting” of rewards

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14
Q

What is Hypovolemic Thirst? What does it cause?

A

decrease in overall blood volume; Increases water retention via 1. release of angiotensin II from kidneys, 2. mecahnoreceptors in wall of large blood vessels and heart signal loss of blood pressure

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15
Q

What is osmotic thirst? What does it cause?

A

(cellular dehydration): increase in concentration of dissolved substances in the blood (sense hypertonicity- more salts than there should be); Increases levels of vasopressin to increase water retention by kidneys and reduce urine production

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16
Q

What are the 2 theories of emotions? How do they differ?

A
  1. James-Lange theory: emotional experience is produced in response to physiological changes in the body
  2. Cannon-bard theory: emotions are experienced without physiological and somatic responses
17
Q

What is the somatic marker hypothesis?

A

Suggests that signals (markers) arising from internal and external environment (emotional stimuli) act to guide behavior and decision making

18
Q

What is the Limbic Papez Circuit System Concept?

A

Cortex= feelings
Hippocampus= behavioral expression of emotion
Anterior Thalamus= lesions lead to spontaneous laughing, crying

19
Q

What is the Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

A

Changes in monkey’s personality sustaining bilateral anterior temporal lobectomies

20
Q

What is the emotion of fear? What is regulated by?

A

A state that produces endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are similar across species; regulated by the central nucleus of the amygdala

21
Q

How do learned fear become memories?

A

Through activity from multiple amygdala nuclei, which depends on outputs from the central nucleus to areas responsible for the expression and experience of fearful stimuli

22
Q

What are the 2 kinds of aggression? How are they different?

A

Predatory Aggression: Attacks

Affective Aggression: For show

23
Q

What is sham rage? How is it caused?

A

Any small stimulus can trigger a reaction ;Removal of cerebral hemispheres, but not hypothalamus

24
Q

How is affective aggression elicited? Predatory aggression?

A

Stimulating medial hypothalamus= affective aggression

Stimulating lateral hypothalamus = predatory aggression

25
Q

How does a reduction in serotonin turn over affect rodents? What is serotonin turn over?

A

Causes an increase in aggression in rodents; Serotonin turn over = how much serotonin is turned over into metabolites

Introduction to Neuroscience (12 decks)

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