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Introduction to Neuroscience > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the thalamus? Where in the diencephalon is it found?

A

Relays most types of sensory information to neocortex; Dorsal (“roof”)

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2
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus? Which part of the diencephalon is it found in?

A

Controls autonomic nervous system, controls motivated behaviors, controls many endocrine functions; Ventral (“basement”)

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3
Q

What is a part of the telencephalon?

A

Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, Cerebral Cortex

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4
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia control? What structures are in it?

A

Mediated motor, learning, and “reward” functions; Caudate/Putamen, Nucleus Accumbens

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5
Q

What is the limbic system? What is in it?

A

Mediates emotions, memory, and social behaviors; Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala

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6
Q

What does the medial prefrontal cortex do?

A

Social behaviors, “working” memory, and other executive functions

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7
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Learning & memory, stress

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8
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Aggressiveness, fear, anxiety, and other emotions

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9
Q

What are the lobes of the Cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

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10
Q

What separates the 2 hemispheres? The frontal and parietal lobe? The temporal, frontal, and parietal lobe?

A

Longitudinal fissure; Central Fissure, Lateral Fissure

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11
Q

How many layers of cell bodies is there in the cerebral cortex?

A

6

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12
Q

What are the 3 properties of sound?

A

Frequency, Intensity, Complexity

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13
Q

What structures are found in the outer ear?

A

Pinna, Auditory canal, Tympanic Membrane

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14
Q

What structures are found in the middle ear?

A

Ossicles

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15
Q

What structures are found in the inner ear?

A

Oval window, Auditory vestibular nerve, Cochlea

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16
Q

What is the function of the attenuation reflex? How does it happen?

A

Adapt ear to loud sounds & improve speech perception; Onset of loud sound causes tensor tympani and stapedius muscle contraction

17
Q

What is a general function of the ossicles?

A

Sound Amplification

18
Q

What is the perilymph?

A

Fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani

19
Q

What is the Endolymph?

A

Fluid in scala media

20
Q

What is the job of the inner hair cells in the cochlea?

A

Providing auditory information that eventually reaches the brain

21
Q

What is the job of the outer hair cells in the cochlea?

A

Regulate the “tightness” of the cochlea

22
Q

Where are the stereocilia found in the cochlea? What do they do?

A

Contained at the top of each hair cell, extending into the tectorial membrane; Movement changes the polarization of hair cells

23
Q

What does the Organ of Corti sit on?

A

Basement membrane

24
Q

What is the process of transduction of sound pressure?

A

Sound pressure –> perilymph/endolymph movement –> basilar membrane movement –> stereocilia movement –> hyper or de polarize hair cells –> opening or closing of Ca channels –> incr. or decr. of NT release

25
Q

What does movement of stereocilia towards long sterocilia mean? Short stereocilia?

A

Movement towards long stereocilia= depolairzation & open channels, short sterocilia= hyper polarization & closed channels

26
Q

What 2 things determine sound intensity?

A

Firing frequency & Number of spiral ganglion neurons

27
Q

What is place coding?

A

Different frequencies vibrate basilar membrane at different spots/places.
Low = apex High = Base

28
Q

What is phase-lock coding?

A

Frequency of sound = frequency of action potentials locked on specific wave phase.

29
Q

What 2 methods do we use to code for sound localization? At which frequencies do we use each?

A

Interaural time delay: Time taken for sound to reach each ear; Low frequencies
Interaural intensity difference: Intensity difference b/w the ears; Higher Frequencies

30
Q

What is the central auditory pathway?

A

Hair cells –> Bipolar cells in the Spiral ganglion –> Vestibocochlear Nerve –> Ventral cochlear nucleus (brainstem) –> Superior olive –> Inferior Colliculus –> Thalmus - MGN –> Auditory cortex

Introduction to Neuroscience (12 decks)

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