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Geography Paper 1 > Most of paper 1 condensed > Flashcards

Most of paper 1 condensed Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the factors affecting temperature

A

Albedo effect
Winds and ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet
Cloud cover reflects the suns rays
Altitude-Temperature drops by 6.5degrees celcius for every 1000m in height

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2
Q

What is the Albedo effect

A

How prone a surface is to reflect the suns rays
High albedo surfaces reflect the suns rays like snow
Low albedo absorb the suns rays for example dark green tropical rainforests

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3
Q

What is precipitation

A

Any moisture falling from the atmosphere-rain, hail ,sleet or snow

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4
Q

What are the conditions required for tropical storms

A

Winds that exceed 118km/h
Between 5-15degrees north and south the equator
Ocean temps have to be above 26.5 degrees celcius

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5
Q

What is a drought

A

Long periods of little to no rain leading to water shortages

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6
Q

What are the causes of La nina

A

Stronger trade winds decreasing the sea temperature in the tropical eastern pacific

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7
Q

How often is la nina

A

3-5 years

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8
Q

What are the conseqeunces of La nina

A

Changes to world precipitation patterns
Weaker tropical storms in the Pacific
Stronger tropical storms in the Atlantic
Droughts in South America

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9
Q

What are the causes of El Nino

A

Weaker trade winds increase the seat temperature in the tropical eastern pacific

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10
Q

How often is el nino

A

3-7 years

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11
Q

What are the consequences of El nino

A

Chnages in world precipitation patterns
More tropical storms in the pacific
Fewer tropical storms in the atlantic
More droughts in asia

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12
Q

What is the order of the earths stucture

A

Crust
Mantle
Outter core
Inner core

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13
Q

What moves the earths tectonic plates

A

Convection currents

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14
Q

What happens at conservative plate boundaries

A

Two plates slide past each other at different rates
Does not create any volcanoes as there is no magma
Triggers shallow focus earthquakes

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15
Q

What happens at constructive boundaires

A

Two plates move apart and magma forces uts way to the surface
Causes mild shallow focus earthquakes
Creates Shield Volcanoes

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16
Q

What happens at Destructive plate boundaries

A

Two plates move towards each other
AN oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate
Causes strong, deep focus earthquakes
Creates Composite volcanoes-erupt violently

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17
Q

What happens at collision plate boundaries

A

Creates mountains
Powerful earthquakes

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18
Q

What are examples of natural climate change (Historical sources like diaries)

A

in the 17th centuary the River Thames froze

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19
Q

What are examples of natural climate change
(Ice cores from Antarctica)

A

You can anlayse the CO2 content in the trapped ice and higher levels of CO2 means warmer temperatures

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20
Q

What is Eccentricity (Milankovitch cycle)

A

Every 100,000 years the earth’s orbit changes from almost circular to oval
There are warmer periods in the oval orbit and colder when it is circuar

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21
Q

What is Axial Tilt (milankvitch cycle)

A

Every 41,000 years the tilt of the earths axis moves back and forth between 21.5 degrees and 24.5 degrees
A greater angle of tilt will bring greater tempertures

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22
Q

What is precession (milankovitch cycle)

A

Every 26,000 years the axis wobbles which changes the severity of the seasons

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23
Q

How can volcanic activity effect climate change

A

The ash released by eruptions block out the sun which reduces the earths temperatures

24
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

Gases such as CO2, Metahne and water vapour trap heat
It allows short wave radiaton from the sun but traps the long wave radiation

25
Q

What are the human impacts on climate change(enhanced green house effect)

A

The amount of greenhouse gases have increased due to human activity through agriculture
Use of fossile fules and Deforestations

26
Q

What are sunspots

A

Dark/ reddish spots that appear on the surface of the sun

27
Q

What is the result of more sunspots on the surface of the sun

A

More sunspots mean the sun is more effective at giving off heat
increases sea temperatures

28
Q

What is the evidence for current climate change (glaciers)

A

Some glaciers may disappear by 2035
Arctic sea ice has thinned by 65% since the mid 1970s

29
Q

What is the evidence for current climate change (Rising sea level)

A

Glaciers and ice caps melting

30
Q

What is the evidence for current climate change (seasonal change)

A

Tree flowering and bird migration has advanced
Bird nesting is earlier than in the 1970s

31
Q

What does the burning of fossil fuels lead to

A

Higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere

32
Q

How has agriculture led to the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Livestock emit methane and alot of nitrous oxides come from manure and fertilisers

33
Q

How has deforestation led to the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Most of the deforested land is used for more livstock
Reduces rates of photosynthesis

34
Q

What are the global impacts of climate change

A

More extreme wether events
More heart related illnesses
Reduced crop yield
Desertification
Changing ecosystems

35
Q

What is a landscape

A

The things we see when we view the surface of the erath

36
Q

What types of landscapes are there
(5)

A

Natural-geology landforms(mountains)
Water-rivers lakes
Human-Land uses the built environment and ifrasturcture
Transitory-Weather and the seasons
Biological-living flora and fauna

37
Q

What is an example of an upland landscape

A

The Lake District which contains Englands highest mountains
Glaciers created U shaped valleys
Slope processes including rockfalls and landslides

38
Q

What is an example of a lowland labdscape

A

The Weald
Gently rolling hills in sussex and kent
Contains alot of calcium carbonate(chalk)

39
Q

When are Igneous rocks formed

Give examples

A

From cooling deep magma and lava

Examples:Granite Quartz Mica and feldsper
Basalt

40
Q

When are metamorphic rocks formed

Give examples

A

When sedimentary rocks are heated and compressed

Slate Schist Marble

41
Q

When are sedimentary rocks formed

Give examples

A

When sediments are eroded and deposistied from rivers

examples Limestone Chalk Clay Sanstone

42
Q

What is the role of the climate
(essentially the climate of the uk)

A

Lowest temp and hgihest preciptation in the uplands
Highest temp and lowest preciptation in lowlands

43
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering

A

The physical breakdown of rocks following a repeated cycle of water in cracks freezing and thawing

44
Q

What is Biological weathering

A

Caused by plant and tree roots growing in cracks containing water forcing cracks apart

45
Q

What is Chemical Weathering

A

Acid rain going on alkaline rocks like limestone and weakening it

46
Q

What is erosion

A

The wearing away of land and removal of rock

47
Q

What is Attrition

A

The sediments rub and roll together so is worn out and becomes smaller and smoother

48
Q

What is Hydraulic action

A

Water hitting rocks powerfully

49
Q

What is Abrasion

A

Sediment hitting the coastal cliffs wearing them down

50
Q

What is solution

A

Weak acids in water dissolev alkaline rocks

51
Q

What is deposition

A

Transported sediment is dropped on to the sea or river bed

52
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

A community of flora and fauna and the physical environment in which they live in

53
Q

What are the layers of a rainforest

A

Shrub and ground layer
Under canopy
Upper canopy
Emergent trees

54
Q

What are the adaptations animals have in rainforests

A

Camoflague-Blends the creature with the environment
Mimicry-Pretending to be something else
Habitat adaptations-Sloths hjave long arms and claws
Bright colours and poisens- to warn predators

55
Q

What is the value of tropical rainforests

A

Around 50m People live there
Around 25% of the world’s medicine is from there
They provide nuts rubber and fruits
Act as a carbon sink

56
Q

For the polar environments use the ‘What will you find in polar environments’ flashcards i also didnt cover beach formations and like meander formations so ur gonna have to do that

A

oh yes papi

Geography Paper 1 (24 decks)

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