Mosby Ch. 4- Radiation Biology Flashcards
the phase most sensitive to radiation is the ____ phase
M
the phase resistant is the ____ phase
S
changes seen within days or weeks may also be called ___________ or _________ effects
deterministic or nonstochastic
changes seen after months or years of exposure may be called _______ effects
stochastic
Onset dose for erythema to skin
20 Gy
Onset dose for dry desquation to skin
30 Gy
Onset dose for wet desquation to skin
40 Gy
Onset dose for mild, patchy mucositis
30 Gy
Onset dose for confluent mucositis
40 Gy
Onset dose for esophagitis
25 Gy
Onset dose for xerostomia
20 Gy
Onset dose for proctitis (inflammation of the lining of the rectum)
30 Gy
Onset dose for decreased sperm
0.25 Gy
Onset dose for lowered blood count
4 Gy
Onset dose for extensive hypoplasia
50 Gy
Onset dose for gastritis
20 Gy
what do prodromal symptoms include?
nausea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, hypotension (low blood pressure), and diarrhea.
what are the four R’s of radiobiology?
repair, reoxygenation, repopulation, and redistribution or reassortment
the immediate symptoms that appear after an acute radiation exposure are called:
a. latent symptoms
b. proportional symptoms
c. chronic symptoms
d. prodromal symptoms
d. prodromal symptoms
radiation interacts with tissue (uniformly/randomly)?
randomly
the fraction of cells actually progressing through cycles of division is known as the (growth/surviving) fraction.
growth
during division, a portion of the cells are dividing causing growth of the tumor and another portion is dormant. the portion of cells dividing is known as the growth fraction
the period over which radiation is delivered is referred to as the (protraction/fractionation).
protraction
epilation may initially be observed in patients receiving radiation under standard fractionation schemes at an approximate dose of:
a. 30 Gy
b. 50 Gy
c. 15 Gy
d. 5 Gy
c. 15 Gy
in linear or nonlinear threshold dose-response curves, the following is true of the response:
a. response will occur at all doses
b. response may not occur at low doses
c. response will never be realized
d. response is proportional to dose
b. response may not occur at low doses
threshold dose-response curves indicate that there is no overt response by exposed tissue below certain doses
the most radiosensitive tissue group among the following is the:
a. CNS
b. alimentary tract
c. muscle
d. cardiovascular system
b. alimentary tract
compared to the others, the epithelial cells in the alimentary tract have a longer mitotic future and divide more often that mature central nervous and connective tissues found in muscle and cardiovascular systems
the whole body syndrome most likely to be observed following a single dose of 1-10 Gy is the:
a. lethal dose syndrome
b. CNS syndrome
c. hematopoietic syndrome
d. gastrointestinal syndrome
c. hematopoietic syndrome
the central nervous system syndrome may be observed in those exposed to single whole body dose of:
a. 300 cGy
b. 5000 cGy
c. 500 Gy
d. 10 Gy
b. 5000 cGy
normal tissue healing following radiation occurs by:
a. regeneration
b. repair
c. revitalization
d. a and b
d. a and b
irradiation of the salivary glands may lead to permanent xerostomia above doses of ____ using typical 2 Gy per treatment, 5 treatments per week fractionation scheme.
a. 10 Gy
b. 20 Gy
c. 30 Gy
d. 40 Gy
d. 40 Gy
the TD 5/5 for the colon is (higher, lower) than the TD 50/5.
lower
regarding non-stochastic effects:
- the effects are never in the one exposed
- the effects are never seen in future generations
- the probability of occurring is related to dose
- the severity of effects is related to dose
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 2, 4
e. 1, 2, 3, 4
d. 2, 4
non-stochastic is deterministic and manifest early in the individual exposed. the effects increase in severity as dose increases
the part of the cell between the membrane and the nucleus is known as the:
a. plasma membrane
b. cytoplasm
c. cytoplasmic membrane
d. golgi apparatus
b. cytoplasm
the cell has an outer membrane and central nucleus. the section between the two is the cytoplasm
the occupational dose limit for deterministic effects to the lens of the eye is lower than the limit for the skin because:
a. the lens has a greater sensitivity to radiation than the skin
b. the skin has a greater sensitivity to radiation than the lens
c. the lens is easier to protect from radiation than the skin
d. the skin cells are more differentiated than the lens cells
a. the lens has a greater sensitivity to radiation than the skin
a grade 3 morbidity score for the colon would indicate:
a. diarrhea requiring parental support
b. ulceration or perforation
c. obstruction
d. change in frequency or bowel habits
a. diarrhea requiring parental support
the onset dose for wet desquamation during stand fractionation is:
a. 15 Gy
b. 20 Gy
c. 30 Gy
d. 40 Gy
d. 40 Gy
somatic effects are:
a. the effects limited to the exposed individual
b. the effects manifested in subsequent generations
c. the effects seen after large doses only
d. the effects seen after small doses only
a. the effects limited to the exposed individual
conventional fractionation was based on experiments performed to:
a. induce tumors in mice
b. eradicate tumors in mice
c. sterilize rams
d. produce skin reactions in rams
c. sterilize rams
the standard proposed units for “rets” in Ellis’ formula held the value of:
a. 1800
b. 4500
c. 1600
d. 1000
a. 1800
at doses above ____ Gy, you may see latent stricture in the esophagus during standard fractionation.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 40
d. 60
d. 60
a cell survival curve:
a. usually has a shoulder and straight portion
b. cannot be drawn for human cells
c. cannot show the effects of dose rate
d. usually shows the fraction of surviving cells on a linear scale
a. usually has a shoulder and straight portion
which dose effect curve implies that if radiation dose is doubled, the biologic effect will be doubled?
a. sigmoidal
b. linear quadratic
c. quadratic
d. linear
d. linear
a linear curve will show the changes in factors proportional
