Moral Development

Question 1

What are the three parts of morality?

Answer 1

cognition, affect and behavior

Question 2

Cognition

Answer 2

what is right or wrong and why

Question 3

Affect

Answer 3

emotions that are involved

Question 4

Behavior

Answer 4

actions that people engage in

Question 5

How is cognition usually measured?

Answer 5

presenting moral dilemmas

Question 6

What are Kohlberg’s three levels of morality?

Answer 6

Pre-conventional Morality, Conventional Morality and Post-conventional Morality

Question 7

Preconventional Morality?

Answer 7

right and wrong is determined based on rewards and punishment

Question 8

What are the two stages of Pre-conventional Morality?

Answer 8

1. Punishment and Obedience Orientation

2. Instrumental Exchange Orientation

Question 9

Punishment and Obedience Orientation

Answer 9

focus on avoiding punishment

Question 10

Instrumental Exchange Orientation

Answer 10

focus on whether something is worth the risk

Question 11

Conventional Morality

Answer 11

focus on being a good person and maintaining social order

Question 12

What are the two stages of conventional morality?

Answer 12

1. Good Boy/Girl Orientation

2. Social Order Orientation

Question 13

Good Boy/Girl Orientation

Answer 13

win approval through being a good person

Question 14

Social Order Orientation

Answer 14

Our duty to uphold law

Question 15

Post-conventional Morality

Answer 15

right and wrong determined by abstract principals

Question 16

What are the stages of Post-Conventional Morality?

Answer 16

1. Social Contract Orientation

2. Universal Ethics Principals Orientation

Question 17

Social Contract Orientation

Answer 17

follow law when consistent with human rights

Question 18

Universal Ethics Orientation

Answer 18

Laws irrelevant, uphold self-chosen right/wrong principals

Question 19

What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s Morality theory?

Answer 19

morality doesn’t have distinct stages, is not universal and does not develop late

Question 20

Fairness Study

Answer 20

18 month year olds observed a fair event (each giraffe given a toy) vs and unfair event (one giraffe got two toys and the other got none) and they looked longer at unfair event

Question 21

Conscience

Answer 21

internal regulatory mechanism that increases individual’s ability to conform to conduct standards of culture

Question 22

What are the two parts of the conscience?

Answer 22

1. knowing rules

2. emotional response to rule violation

Question 23

Conscience Study

Answer 23

children between 3 and 12 told to complete an impossible task and that they would get a prize if they did it, but only if they didn’t cheat

Question 24

What are the two parts to the conscience study?

Answer 24

Part 1: children allowed to try task and 60% tried without cheating
Part 2: children saw another cheat and get rewarded and then allowed to try again

Question 25

What was observed in part 2 of the conscience study?

Answer 25

children under 6 cheated and those over 6 tried to follow rules

Question 26

Prosocial behavior

Answer 26

voluntary, intended to benefit another

Question 27

When do children begin to help others?

Answer 27

18 months

Question 28

How do we know children begin helping others at 18 months?

Answer 28

18 month olds will help adults when they are in need of help even if the adult doesn’t necessarily ask

Question 29

What causes an increase in prosocial behavior?

Answer 29

internalizing moral values, inhibition of self-centered behaviors, ability to plan other-centered behaviors