Moral Development

Question 1

Morality in Infants

Answer 1

Prefer:
* Nice characters who punish mean characters
* Characters like them who punish not like them
Children cooperate & divvy up spoils, chimps do not

Question 1

Moral Reasoning

Answer 1

• Intention > Outcome
• Negative Outcome != Negative Intention
• Self-interest or Obedience -> Social Approval -> Principles

Question 2

Early Prosocial Behavior

Answer 2

Simple helping at 14 months
* If a person accidentally drops an object on the floor, the child will pick it up for them
Expected sharing of stickers -> Actual sharing of stickers as children age

Question 3

Self-conscious Emotions

Answer 3

• Empathy: reflection of another’s emotion
• Sympathy: concern for another person
• Guilt: other-focused, desire to make amends
  Guilt as a motivator > Sympathy or Shame
• Shame: self-focused, desire to hide, self-improvement

Question 4

Nature & Morality

Answer 4

Temperament
* Moderate reactivity = more likely to perform prosocial behaviors
* High activity level, low EF -> antisocial behaviors

Question 5

Nurture & Morality

Answer 5

• Modeling & teaching
• Opportunities for children to behave in prosocial ways
• Authoritative parenting

Question 6

Discipline Techniques

Answer 6

• Clear communication
• Warnings not threats
• Positive interaction after discipline

Question 7

Bandura’s Research

Answer 7

Modeling & Imitation + Child’s Interpretation
* Children were more aggressive in ways the models were aggressive

Limitations
* Directionality
* Long-term effects
* Variability in degree of aggression