Mood disorders Flashcards
Depressive symptoms
- sadness
- feelings of worthlessness and guilt
- withdrawal from others
- changes in sleep and appetite
Manic symptoms
- intense elation or irritablity
- hyperactivity, talkativeness, distractibility
Major Depressive Disorder
-meet 4 symptoms and at least 2 weeks duration
-2 or more MDE
-Specifiers:
psychotic features (hallucinations and delusions)
anxious distress
mixed features
melancholic features
catatonic features
atypical features (oversleep and eat)
peripartum onset (before and after birth)
seasonal pattern
Difference between grief and MDE
- Grief
- decrease in weeks, days
- accompanied by positive emotions and humor
- preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased
- self-esteem is preserved
- MDE
- persistent depressed mood
- inability for pleasure
- pervasive unhappiness and misery
- feelings of worthlessness and self-loathing
- ending one’s own life because of worthlessness
Causes of Depression
*BIOLOGICAL
-abnormal production of 5HTT (serotonin)
-low norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
*PSYCHOLOGICAL
-regress to oral stage
-introjection
-Symbolic Loss: loss of a valued object (loved one)
-Anaclitic depression: pattern of depressed behavior caused by separation from mother
-rigid superego serves to punish oneself
*BEHAVIORAL
-results from significant changes in number of rewards (fewer) and punisments people receive
*COGNITIVE
-Theory of Negative thinking (beck)
Negative view of self, world, future
-Theory of learned helplessness
no longer have control over reinforcements
blame self for helpless state
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- same with MDD but differs in course
- depressed mood for 2 yrs and not symptom-free for more than 2 months
- chronic version
Double Depression
-have MDE superimposed on a longer-standing dysthymia
Seasonal Affective Disorder
- seasonal cycling of manic episodes
- excessive sleep, increased appetite, weight gain
- related to production of melatonin
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
- severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least 1 year beginning before age 10
- chronic irritability
- no manic episode
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- experience a range of significant psychological symptoms a week before menses
- mood swings, depressed mood, irritability, tension
Bipolar Disorders
- 3 forms
- manic symptoms as defining feature
- differentiated by how severe and long-lasting the manic symptoms are
Bipolar I
- at least one full episode of a mania
- onset is from 15-18
Bipolar II
-at least one MDE, one hypomanic episode
Cyclothymic Disorder
-milder, chronic form of bipolar disorder
-lasts at least 2 years
-numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms
-tend to be in one mood state or the other for years
-SPECIFIER:
Rapid-cycling -presence of 4 manic or depressive episodes within a year; severe
Mania
- hallmark feature is increased activity or energy
- symptoms last for 1 week or require hospitalization
Hypomania
- less severe symptoms of mania
- lasts at least 4 days
- no psychotic symptoms present
Causes of Bipolar Disorders
- Biological
- high genetic contribution
- low serotonin, high norepinephrine(mania)
- overactive BAS (behavioral approach system)
- overactivity of HPA (release cortisol)
- Psychological
- denies certain aspects of realty in order to promote or preserve an unrealistic set of self-perceptions
- superficial perceptions that cover up underlying depressed thinking
- arbitrary inferences (focus on negative rather than positive)
- overgeneralization
Treatment for Mood disorders
> Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
-focus on current relationships; short-term psychodynamic therapy
CBT (beck)
-correct cognitive errors
-Socratic approach: teach by asking questions
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
-meditation with CBT
-prevent relapse
Medications
-antidepressants (SSRI, mixed reuptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressants, MAO
-Lithium (mood stabilizing drug) -common salt
ECT and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
-ECT -relapse is high
-TMS -magnetic coil over the head with electromagnetic pulse
Contigency management: ignore client’s depressive behavior while praising rewarding constructive statements
Suicide
- suicidal ideation
- suicidal plans
- suicidal attempts
- non-suicidal self-injury
TYPES:
>Altruistic -honor/sacrifice (Hara-kiri in Japan)
>Egoistic -loss of social supports; self reject society
>Anomic -society rejected
>Fatalistic -loss of control over one’s destiny
Causes of Suicide
- Psychodynamic
- represents inward-directed anger that turns murderous
- may be motivated by death instinct
- Humanistic/Existential
- life has become meaningless, empty, hopeless
- BIOLOGICAL
- low serotonin (impulsivity, instability)
- Behavioral
- Social contagion effect (modeling)
Therapy for Suicide
- Cognitive therapy
- CBT :mindfulness-based
- Suicide prevention program
