Mood Disorders Flashcards
Major depressive episode (MDE)
2 week period marked by depressed mood every day, loss of interest or pleasure, physical/behavioral symptoms, and cognitive symptoms
Either depressed mood or loss of pleasure must be present
Anhedonia
Loss of interest or pleasure
No longer finding enjoyment in favorite activities
Physical/behavioral symptoms of MDE
Weight loss/gain or disturbed appetite
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation (slowing down of psychological and motor functioning)
Fatigue/loss of energy
Cognitive symptoms of MDE
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Concentration difficulties
Hopelessness
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Manic episode
1 week period (shorter if hospitalized) marked by 3 of following: Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity Decreased need for sleep Talkativeness Flight of ideas Distractibility Increased goal directed behavior (not increase in productivity- can't focus on details) Reckless, risk taking behavior
Hypomanic episode
4 day period marked by elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased goal-directed behavior (same symptoms as manic episode, but less severe)
No impairment present
Major depressive disorder (MDD) description
1 or more MDE
No manic episodes or hypomanic episodes
Usually recurrent episodes, but can exist with only 1 episode
Bipolar I disorder
1 or more manic episode
MDE and hypomanic episode not required
Bipolar II disorder
1 or more MDE and hypomanic episode
No manic episode
Fluctuation from high to low
Not so high that it’s impairing
MDD epidemiology
17% lifetime prevalence (one of most common disorders)
2:1 female to male
Age of onset: usually 20’s, but can occur in retirement age
Course: episodic (average episode 4-9 months and 80-90% experience subsequent episodes)
Problem with treating MDD
Because disorder is episodic, it’s hard to tell if treatment caused end of episode or if episode just ended on its own
MDD specifiers
Psychotic features (delusions and hallucinations) Peripartum onset (after childbirth) Seasonal pattern (winter: lack of sunshine)
Delusion
Thoughts with no basis in reality
Hallucination
Sensory experience without stimuli
MDD biological causes/contributors
Genetic vulnerability (~50%)
Low levels of serotonin in relation to other neurotransmitters
HPA
Increased REM sleep (contributor; don’t know why this happens)
Higher activity on right side of brain than left
Highly comorbid with other disorders, especially anxiety disorders