History of Psychopathology

Question 1

Treatments in ancient history (supernatural tradition)

Answer 1

Trephination (drill hole in skull)

Appeal to gods

Question 2

Treatments in dark ages (supernatural tradition)

Answer 2

Exorcism
Torture (spinning chair, sensory deprivation chair, put in snake pits, douse with cold water, etc.)

Question 3

Malleus Maleficarum

Answer 3

“The Witches’ Hammer”
Reference tool for investigators of witches and demons
Precursor for Salem witch trials

Question 4

Theory of 4 humors

Answer 4

Normal if all were equally balanced, but caused problems if one was out of whack

Question 5

Blood (4 humors)

Answer 5

Excess caused excessive happiness

Question 6

Black bile (4 humors)

Answer 6

Excess caused depression

Question 7

Yellow bile (4 humors)

Answer 7

Excess caused irritability

Question 8

Phlegm (4 humors)

Answer 8

Excess caused apathy

Question 9

Wandering uterus

Answer 9

Ancient Greek theory of mental illness in women

When uterus goes to place in body, causes problems there

Question 10

Deception of Demons

Answer 10

Renaissance book that emphasized observation and understanding of mental illness rather than torture

Question 11

Philippe Pinel

Answer 11

Advocated humane treatment of mentally ill

Moral therapy: give people individual rooms, give them things to do (art, etc.)

Question 12

Dorthea Dix

Answer 12

Mental hygiene movement (advocating for humane treatment)

Basically American version of Pinel

Question 13

Syphilis

Answer 13

Advanced form of disease: general paresis (confusion, delirium, hallucinations)
Understanding of disease (bacterial infection) gave rise to discovery that mental symptoms can be caused by physical illness

Question 14

Emil Kraeplin

Answer 14

Developed classification system for mental disorders, which led to ability to diagnose

Question 15

Prevalence

Answer 15

How many people have disorder

Question 16

Incidence

Answer 16

How many new people develop disorder

Question 17

Course

Answer 17

Pattern of development and change in a disorder

Question 18

Prognosis

Answer 18

Anticipated course of disorder

Question 19

Etiology

Answer 19

Cause or set of causes for disorder

Question 20

Prevention

Answer 20

Efforts to decrease incidence of disorder

Question 21

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 21

Father of psychology

Had first psych lab in Leipzig, Germany

Question 22

Psychoanalysis

Answer 22

Developed by Freud
1st theory to explain abnormal behavior
Conscious vs. unconscious: unconscious controls person (can’t ever be aware of unconscious)

Question 23

Id

Answer 23

Pleasure portion of unconscious in psychoanalysis

Immediate gratification

Question 24

Superego

Answer 24

Morality portion of unconscious in psychoanalysis

Question 25

Ego

Answer 25

Mediator between id and superego

Balances the two (too much id: narcissism; too much superego: anxiety)

Question 26

Denial

Answer 26

Defense mechanism in psychoanalysis

Not admitting painful truth

Question 27

Displacement

Answer 27

Defense mechanism in psychoanalysis

Taking out feelings of anger on safer target

Question 28

Projection

Answer 28

Defense mechanism in psychoanalysis

Project own feelings onto others

Question 29

Rationalization

Answer 29

Defense mechanism in psychoanalysis

Provide a plausible, but inaccurate reason for behavior

Question 30

Reaction formation

Answer 30

Defense mechanism in psychoanalysis

Harbor deep-seated feelings inside, but overcompensate in opposite direction

Question 31

Repression

Answer 31

Defense mechanism in psychoanalysis

Unconsciously forget painful experiences

Question 32

Regression

Answer 32

Defense mechanism in psychoanalysis

Slipping back into infantile behavior

Question 33

Sublimation

Answer 33

Defense mechanism in psychoanalysis

Channel negative feelings into creative medium

Question 34

Psychosexual stages

Answer 34

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

Question 35

Oral stage

Answer 35

Psychoanalysis
Task: weaning
Fixation: constant need for something in the mouth

Question 36

Anal stage

Answer 36

Psychoanalysis
Task: toilet training
Fixation: anal retentive (perfectionistic) or anal expulsive (sloppy)

Question 37

Phallic stage

Answer 37

Psychoanalysis

Task: recognition of male vs. female and development of same-sex role model

Question 38

Latency stage

Answer 38

Psychoanalysis

Task: watching same-sex parent (late pre-teens)

Question 39

Genital stage

Answer 39

Psychoanalysis
Task: creating intimate relationships
Fixation: don’t get married

Question 40

Classical conditioning

Answer 40

Unconditioned stimulus is paired with conditioned stimulus: after repeated pairings, conditioned stimulus elicits response previously associated with unconditioned stimulus

Question 41

Positive reinforcement

Answer 41

Operant conditioning
Adding something
Results in increase in behavior

Question 42

Negative reinforcement

Answer 42

Operant conditioning
Taking something away
Results in increase in behavior

Question 43

Positive punishment

Answer 43

Operant conditioning
Adding something
Results in decrease in behavior

Question 44

Negative punishment

Answer 44

Operant conditioning
Taking something away
Results in decrease in behavior

Question 45

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 45

Behaviors can be learned by observing others

Question 46

Cognitive theory

Answer 46

Thoughts are critical
Beliefs about world and self
Automatic thoughts
Interpretations (depend on context): most important part of theory

Question 47

Humanism

Answer 47

Self actualization: innate capacity for growth
Issues arise when mismatch between current self and ideal self
People will blossom if put in proper environment and provided with proper support system

Question 48

Defining abnormal

Answer 48

Norm violation
Statistical rarity
Personal discomfort
Maladaptive behavior