mood

Question 1

what causes mood? x 3

Answer 1

1)Biological factors:
Imbalances in neurotransmitters
hormone fluctuations
2)Psychological factors:
Personality and Experience
Thoughts, beliefs, coping mechanisms, and cognitive patterns
3)Environmental factors:
stress, relationships, illness Substances like alcohol, drugs, or medications can also impact mood states.

Question 2

Stressful situation can trigger
hormones that physiological 生理 changes? x 4

Answer 2

Stressful situations can trigger a cascade一系列 of stress hormones that produce physiological changes
1)Increased heart rate, 2)increased breathing rate
3) muscle tense 4) sweating

Question 3

Body reacts to stress by releasing hormones X2 and neurotransmitters X 4?

Answer 3

Hormones: Adrenaline, cortisol
Neurotransmitters:
Dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, GABA

Question 4

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
from?
Over-activation can? x 5

Answer 4

from brain
over active : anxiety such as disorders, depression, and even damage to body organs result in chronic disease.

Question 5

low lever of adrenaline cause?

Answer 5

Addison’s disease is a rare autoimmune disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and often insufficient aldosterone. 醛固酮是一種類固醇類激素由腎上腺皮質所產生，作用於腎臟，進行鈉離子及水份的再吸收，以維持血壓的穩定。 為腎素-血管緊張素
hydrocortisone or prednisone can replace the deficient hormons

Question 6

high lever of adrenaline cause?
Body ?x5
diseases?x7
Tx med?x1

Answer 6

rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, sweating, anxiety, and stress response.
pheochromocytoma嗜鉻細胞瘤發生於腎上腺髓質, anxiety disorders, hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular disease, arrhythmias心律不整, hypertension, and certain forms of cancer.
beta~blocker can help reduce the effect of adrenaline on the body.

Question 7

The Gut-Brain-Axis (GBA)?
disrupt GBA due to?

Answer 7

bidirectional 雙向作communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions
Dysbiosis可能導致肥胖症、第2 型糖尿病、炎症obesity, diabetes, inflammation

Question 8

ENS . The enteric nervous system?

Answer 8

(ENS) 週邊神經的劃分
系統is a large division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that can control
gastrointestinal behaviour independently of central nervous
system (CNS) input. 不依賴中樞神經
系統（CNS）輸入。

Question 9

**Communications of the nervous system throw what?
Their job?

Answer 9

• Neurotransmitters – the messengers
• Their job is to carry chemical signals from one nerve cell to the next target cell (can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or a gland…etc)
  Dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, GABA

Question 10

Hormones?

Answer 10

• Can be proteins, lipids or cholesterolbased molecules
• Produced in endocrine glands
• Released into the blood stream where
  they find their targets of action at some
  distance from its origin
  E.g. Cortisol, adrenaline

Question 11

Neurotransmitters?

Answer 11

• Proteins as nerve signal that released by the stumlated terminal of presynaptic突觸前 nerve cell into the synaptic gap神經細胞之間的間隙連接 transmitting to its neighbouring鄰近 postnaptic nerve cell突觸後神經元
  E.g. Dopamine, serotonin

Question 12

Relationship between diet, physical health, and mental health?

Answer 12

The gut is also called the 2nd brain of emotion. The gut is a division of PNS that can control gastrointestinal behaviors independently of CNS input linking emotional and cognitive. Serotonin is produced Via gut psychobiotics that affect the nervous system.
A good quality diet leads to better mood / less stress / lower risk of illness. Insulin more sensitivity/ less cardiovascular risk/ healthy weight

Question 13

Function of cortisol? x 4

Answer 13

1 Stimulates the release of glucose into the blood and increases the brain’s use of glucose for energy
2 Increases the storage of unused nutrients as fat. Buildup of fat tissue and weight gain
3 Increases appetite, to obtain extra energy
4 Blunt leptins increase ghrelin

Question 14

Leptins?

Answer 14

It is hormone that controls appetite by signaling your brain to stop eating. Also help regulate energy burns.
Released from the fat cells.
* If the individual adds body fat, leptin levels will increase
* If an individual lowers body fat leptin will decrease

Question 15

Ghrelin?

Answer 15

It is hunger hormones produced by the stomach.
* stimulates appetite.
*function is to digest more food and store more fat
* Level decreases with overfeeding and increases with starvation
➔ however, a lower level of ghrelin does not show as a strong signal to stop eating

Question 16

How carbohydrates affect mood?

Answer 16

High consumption of processed carbohydrates could increase the risk of depression and anxiety
Repeated and rapid increases and decreases in blood glucose that trigger the secretion of hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, growth hormone, and glucagon
low blood sugar is associated with mood disorders

Question 17

Dopamine ? from?

Answer 17

Synthesis: Tyrosine to L-dopa to dopamine
* Dopamine deficiency is also linked to a down mood
* Too little dopamine also causes stiff movement ➔ Hallmark特點 of Parkinson’s disease

Question 18

tyrosine is what?
synthesis to ?
Food? x 9

Answer 18

酪胺酸 can be synthesized by the body
tyrosine to L-dopa to dopamine
Foods :
poultry, milk, cheese, yogurt
* avocadoes
* bananas
* pumpkin and sesame seeds
* soy

Question 19

Serotonin?
low level?
Food? x 7

Answer 19

90% Serotonin produced in the gut
Considered as a neurotransmitter and hormone
Helps to regulate mood naturally. Normal levels support a more focused, emotionally stable, happier, and calmer status
* Low levels of serotonin are often associated with many behavioral and emotional disorders
egg , cheese, pinapple, salmon, tofu,nuts and seeds, turkey

Question 20

Serontonin too high?

Answer 20

焦虑、混乱、心跳加快、瞳孔扩张、高血压、肌肉僵硬、抽搐等症状，严重时可能危及生命。agitation, confusion, rapid heart rate, dilated pupils, high blood pressure, muscle rigidity, seizures, and in severe cases, can be life-threatening

Question 21

serotonin too low?

Answer 21

depression, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, self-harming behaviors, eating disorders, (ADHD), and increased pain symptoms.

Question 22

Serotonin from?

Answer 22

Synthesize:
tryptophan色氨酸, then 5-HTP, finally serotonin

Question 23

Tryptophan in diet?
Food?

Answer 23

Tryptophan色氨酸, then 5-HTP, finally serotonin
An essential amino acid
* meat, poultry, seafood, eggs and dairy products
* soybeans, quinoa藜麥, buckwheat蕎麥

Question 24

relationship with carbohydrates and serotonin?

Answer 24

Tryptophan色氨酸, then 5-HTP, finally serotonin
Carbohydrates need to be consumed as well to allow tryptophan to pass the blood-brain berry.
Higher tryptophan levels lead to higher serotonin production in the brain

Question 25

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

Answer 25

人體能自行製造的一種胺基酸
傳導物質inhibitory neurotransmitter
* It blocks specific signals in the central nervous system, slowing down the brain and calming effect on the brain and body. Regulates anxiety and stress responses, promotes sleep, controls seizures, and influences 影響cognitive function.

Question 26

GABA is naturally found in foods ? x 5

Answer 26

Spinach菠菜
* Sweet Potatoes
* Broccoli
* Kale羽衣甘藍
* Fermented foods including tempeh 天貝尼的傳統發酵食品，大多是由黃豆製成and Kimchi

Question 27

Gut is also called the 2 nd brain of emotion ?

Answer 27

1)90% of Serotonin is produced via gut
2)Gut microbiota might affect the nervous system
3)A new class of probiotics, known as psychobiotic has emerged出現 as a nontoxic intervention 幹預for various psychiatric精神病學的 conditions

Question 28

Iron effect on mood?
Food?

Answer 28

Feeling weak and tired due to low levels of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin血紅素 in blood
Food: meat, poultry, fish

Question 29

Vit B effect on mood?
Food?

Answer 29

Vitamin B helps increase brain serotonin and dopamine levels, decreasing symptoms of anxiety, depression, fatigue, and pain.
Food: cereals, animal protein foods meat, fish,dairy product

Question 30

Folate effect on mood?
Food

Answer 30

lower folate level increased chance of feeling depressed, important in older people
Food:cereals,liver, green vegetables, citrus fruit such as orange

Question 31

Selenium effect on mood ?

Answer 31

The lower the level of selenium in the diet increase the incidence 發生率 of feeling depressed and other negative mood states狀態
Food: Brazil nuts巴西堅果, meat, fish, bread

Question 32

Psychophysiologic dimensions情感计算 ?

Answer 32

Arousal is the level of ranges from calm to excited
Valence is the level of ranges from negative to positive

Question 33

function as both hormones and neurotransmitters in the human body?

Answer 33

Dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter involved in movement, motivation, reward, and pleasure. It also acts as a hormone that regulates blood flow, digestion, and kidney function.

Serotonin functions as a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. It also acts as a hormone involved in blood vessel constriction and dilation, intestinal movements, and transmission of signals in the nervous system.

Norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter involved in attention, alertness, and the “fight or flight” response.
As a hormone, it increases heart rate and blood pressure, releases glucose for energy, and narrows blood vessels.

Adrenaline acts as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It is released during stress or danger and plays a role in the “fight or flight” response. As a hormone, it increases heart rate, dilates airways, and mobilizes調動 energy stores.

Question 34

relationship of adrenaline and cortisol?

Answer 34

Adrenaline and cortisol work together to regulate the body’s response to stress.
Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands. It is a “fight-or-flight” response that provides a rapid, short-term response to acute stress.
Adrenaline increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to the muscles, lungs, and brain. It also promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, providing a quick source of energy for the body.

Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands. Helps the body deal with prolonged stressors. Cortisol regulates blood sugar levels, suppressing the immune system, and assisting in metabolism. Promoting the release of stored glucose for energy and helping to control inflammation.
When a stressor is encountered, adrenaline is released first providing rapid energy. Cortisol is then released helping modulate the stress response over a longer period.
Cortisol inhibits and promotes the breakdown of adrenaline response, preventing it from becoming too overwhelming.极其强烈的

Question 35

adrenaline and noradrenaline relationship?

Answer 35

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are both hormones and neurotransmitters known as the fight-or-flight response.
Both are produced in the adrenal glands.
When faced with a stress the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline prepares the body for action. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to the muscles, while also stimulating the release of glucose from energy stores.

Noradrenaline increasing arousal, and focusing attention. Adrenaline, on the other hand, intensifies 強化and sustains 維持the stress response, prolonging the physiological changes needed for the fight-or-flight response.

Question 36

low level dopamine level can be?

Answer 36

Parkinson’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
depresssion
schizophrenia
ADHD

Question 37

high level of dopamine can be?

Answer 37

bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
drug addiction

Question 38

high level of GABA

Answer 38

excessive GABA activity can lead to sedation, drowsiness, and impaired cognitive function

Question 39

Low level of GABA

Answer 39

anxiety disorders, epilepsy, insomnia, restless leg syndrome, and certain mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder.

Question 40

谷氨酸glutamate?
Food?

Answer 40

谷氨酸可以被轉化為GABA
谷氨酸興奮性神經傳遞物質，促進神經元的活躍和興奮。GABA抑制性神經傳遞物質，能夠減少神經元的活躍性，抑制神經傳遞的過程。
谷氨酸在學習和記憶過程中扮演著關鍵角色。它幫助加強突觸間的連接，促進新的神經元聯繫的形成，並有助於神經元之間的溝通。此外，谷氨酸還參與調節腦部發育和神經保護機制。
肉類、奶酪、魚、蔬菜等

Question 41

how gut affect diabetes ?

Answer 41

Dysbiosis can lead to the production of certain metabolites and short-chain fatty acids that affect glucose metabolism. Result in low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance.

Question 42

Chocolate has been associated with depression.

Answer 42

W H A T A R E F O U N D I N C H O C O L A T E?
* Flavonoids - brain-protecting nutrients
* Caffeine – A well-known psychostimulant
* Theobromine, also present in cocoa beans, has a
the mild stimulatory effect on the central nervous
system
* Cocoa also contains some other compounds with
potential biological activity, e.g.
* phenylethylamine – facilitates release of noradrenaline,
dopamine
* N-acylethanolamines – give euphoric effects