Elderly Flashcards
Sarcopenia?
Loss of muscle mass, strength and
function
Decreasing mobility,
increasing risk of fall, altering
metabolic rates
>Sedentary death syndrome久坐死亡綜合症 burning < 200kcal/day
Dysphagia = difficulty in swallowing
increase risk of?
can’t be tolerated by mouth?
pneumonia肺炎
Nasogastric tube feeding
mildly thick level 150?
Fluid runs freely off the spoon
Soft -food cut to alter its texture
Moderately thick level 400?
Fluid slowly drips in dollops off the end of the spoon
Minced and moist-Food is soft, moist and easily mashed with a fork
Extremely thick level 900?
Smooth Pureed泥狀
Food is smooth moist and lump free
Gastrointestinal problem?
⚫ Increased risk of ulcers
⚫ Inability to resist damage, eg ulcer, cancer, and infection
⚫ Insufficient production of gastric juice
⚫ Constipation
brain problem?
Cognition, steadiness, reactions, coordination,mobility, sensations and daily living tasks認知、穩定性、反應、協調、
活動能力、感覺與日常生活任務
⚫ Increase risk of dementia, Parkinson disease
bedsores?
Causes:
⚫ Immobility
⚫ 營養不良malnutrition
Immunocompetance 個別宿主免疫力?
Declines with age
⚫ Immune response is slower and less efficient
⚫ Progressive decline in T-lymphocyte function
⚫ The killer T cell
➢ Increased risk of cancer and infection
Health-related QoL?
is the personal sense of
physical and mental health and the ability to react to factors in the physical and social environment
Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA)?
Tool for evaluating nutrition status in old
adults
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Protein
Carbohydrates
Lipids
指人體在休息狀態下，維持新陳代謝所需的熱量
Protein needs do not change with age, t too much protein increases kidney workload
15-20% of total energy intake
Carbohydrates
Similar to normal adult, ie 45-65% of total
energy intake
Lipids
20-35% of total energy intake
Vitamin B12?
At risk of deficiency
because of low intake and
decline in gastric acid that is
required for absorption
Vitamin D?
Skin does not synthesize
vitamin D as efficiently and
kidney is less able to activate
vitamin D
⚫ Less outdoor activity
Folate?
Folate reduce homocysteine 同半胱胺酸levels, which helps reduce risk of cardiovascular disease,
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
disease
Vitamin E?
Vitamin E may delay or prevent cataract
growth
Calcium?
Absorption reduced due to
aging, therefore more intake
to prevent osteoporosis
1/3 post-menopausal women
Potassium?
A potassium rich diet can blunt the effect of sodium on blood pressure
⚫ Aged adults are
encouraged to meet the
recommendation of 4700mg/day
⚫ At least 2 portions of fruits
and 3 portions of vegetables
Sodium?
Older adults are at higher risk
of both hyernatremia (due to dehydration) and hyponatremia (due to fluid retention)
⚫ Aim at 1500mg/day
⚫ Limit processed food intake,less eating out, adopt low salt cooking
eye?
Cataracts-thickenings in the lenses of the eyes
that impair vision
⚫ If surgery not done, can
lead to blindness
Deterioration of macular region of retina
視網膜黃斑區退化
Causes of cataracts / macular degeneration?
How help ?
UV exposure
⚫ Oxidative stress
⚫ Injury
⚫ Infection
⚫ Genetic disorder
Antioxidants may help minimize the
oxidative damage
Arthritis?
Osteoarthritis (OA)
⚫ The most common type of arthritis
⚫ Painful swelling of joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
⚫ Possible link to diet through the immune system
⚫ Mistakenly attack the bone covering
RA and nutrition?
Low saturated fat and higher omega 3 or gama linolenic acid (GLA) may help
Evening Primrose Oil may reduce pain, swelling, and morning stiffness
