Elderly

Question 1

Sarcopenia?

Answer 1

Loss of muscle mass, strength and
function
Decreasing mobility,
increasing risk of fall, altering
metabolic rates
>Sedentary death syndrome久坐死亡綜合症 burning < 200kcal/day

Question 2

Dysphagia = difficulty in swallowing
increase risk of?
can’t be tolerated by mouth?

Answer 2

pneumonia肺炎
Nasogastric tube feeding

Question 3

mildly thick level 150?

Answer 3

Fluid runs freely off the spoon
Soft -food cut to alter its texture

Question 4

Moderately thick level 400?

Answer 4

Fluid slowly drips in dollops off the end of the spoon
Minced and moist-Food is soft, moist and easily mashed with a fork

Question 5

Extremely thick level 900?

Answer 5

Smooth Pureed泥狀
Food is smooth moist and lump free

Question 6

Gastrointestinal problem?

Answer 6

⚫ Increased risk of ulcers
⚫ Inability to resist damage, eg ulcer, cancer, and infection
⚫ Insufficient production of gastric juice
⚫ Constipation

Question 7

brain problem?

Answer 7

Cognition, steadiness, reactions, coordination,mobility, sensations and daily living tasks認知、穩定性、反應、協調、
活動能力、感覺與日常生活任務
⚫ Increase risk of dementia, Parkinson disease

Question 8

bedsores?

Answer 8

Causes:
⚫ Immobility
⚫ 營養不良malnutrition

Question 9

Immunocompetance 個別宿主免疫力?

Answer 9

Declines with age
⚫ Immune response is slower and less efficient
⚫ Progressive decline in T-lymphocyte function
⚫ The killer T cell
➢ Increased risk of cancer and infection

Question 10

Health-related QoL?

Answer 10

is the personal sense of
physical and mental health and the ability to react to factors in the physical and social environment

Question 11

Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA)?

Answer 11

Tool for evaluating nutrition status in old
adults

Question 12

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Protein
Carbohydrates
Lipids

Answer 12

指人體在休息狀態下，維持新陳代謝所需的熱量
Protein needs do not change with age, t too much protein increases kidney workload
15-20% of total energy intake
Carbohydrates
Similar to normal adult, ie 45-65% of total
energy intake
Lipids
20-35% of total energy intake

Question 13

Vitamin B12?

Answer 13

At risk of deficiency
because of low intake and
decline in gastric acid that is
required for absorption

Question 14

Vitamin D?

Answer 14

Skin does not synthesize
vitamin D as efficiently and
kidney is less able to activate
vitamin D
⚫ Less outdoor activity

Question 15

Folate?

Answer 15

Folate reduce homocysteine 同半胱胺酸levels, which helps reduce risk of cardiovascular disease,
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
disease

Question 16

Vitamin E?

Answer 16

Vitamin E may delay or prevent cataract
growth

Question 17

Calcium?

Answer 17

Absorption reduced due to
aging, therefore more intake
to prevent osteoporosis
1/3 post-menopausal women

Question 18

Potassium?

Answer 18

A potassium rich diet can blunt the effect of sodium on blood pressure
⚫ Aged adults are
encouraged to meet the
recommendation of 4700mg/day
⚫ At least 2 portions of fruits
and 3 portions of vegetables

Question 19

Sodium?

Answer 19

Older adults are at higher risk
of both hyernatremia (due to dehydration) and hyponatremia (due to fluid retention)
⚫ Aim at 1500mg/day
⚫ Limit processed food intake,less eating out, adopt low salt cooking

Question 20

eye?

Answer 20

Cataracts-thickenings in the lenses of the eyes
that impair vision
⚫ If surgery not done, can
lead to blindness
Deterioration of macular region of retina
視網膜黃斑區退化

Question 21

Causes of cataracts / macular degeneration?
How help ?

Answer 21

UV exposure
⚫ Oxidative stress
⚫ Injury
⚫ Infection
⚫ Genetic disorder
Antioxidants may help minimize the
oxidative damage

Question 22

Arthritis?

Answer 22

Osteoarthritis (OA)
⚫ The most common type of arthritis
⚫ Painful swelling of joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
⚫ Possible link to diet through the immune system
⚫ Mistakenly attack the bone covering

Question 23

RA and nutrition?

Answer 23

Low saturated fat and higher omega 3 or gama linolenic acid (GLA) may help
Evening Primrose Oil may reduce pain, swelling, and morning stiffness