infancy

Question 1

infant avoid honey and corn syrup? why?

Answer 1

source of botulism spores
蜂蜜有時可能含有肉毒桿菌孢子，尤其是一歲以下的嬰兒。這些孢子可能會在嬰兒未成熟的消化系統中發芽並產生肉毒桿菌毒素，導致嬰兒肉毒桿菌中毒。因此，一般建議避免給一歲以下的嬰兒餵蜂蜜。
罐裝或保存不當的食品尤其是低酸食品，肉毒桿菌的孢子可以在厭氧（低氧）環境中生存和生長。遵循適當的食品保存技術（包括適當的罐裝和儲存方法）至關重要，以防止肉毒桿菌的生長和毒素的產生。

Question 2

why require large percentage of essential
amino acids than adults?

Answer 2

Higher per kg weight than for adults
because of rapid growth
Formula-fed infants consume more energy
than breast-fed infants

Question 3

AA and DHA function?

Answer 3

Arachidonic acid (AA) - omega 6
* Abundant in brain cells and neural structure
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - omega-3
* Abundant in brain cells and retina

Question 4

Deficiency Patterns
Omega 6, Omega 3?

Answer 4

Omega 6 Deficiency
* Growth retardation
* Skin lesions
* Reproduction failure
* Occurrence of a fatty liver
Omega 3 Deficiency
* Reduced learning
* Abnormal ERG (retinal response to light)
* Impaired vision

Question 5

infants need water ? oz/day

Answer 5

4-8 ounces per day

Question 6

Cow milk & fortified soy 100% fruit juice must given over? mouths baby?

Answer 6

After 12 months old
100% fruit juice no more than 4 ounces per day

Question 7

Caffeinated Sugar-sweetened , toddler drinks avoid given to ? years old?

Answer 7

Should not be given to children younger than age 2

Question 8

Human Milk benefit?

Answer 8

Food of choice for infants
* Provides appropriate energy and nutrients
* Specific and nonspecific immune factors
* Prevents diarrhea and otitis media
* Allergic reactions are rare
* Attachment and bonding
* Maternal health benefits
Benefits for cognitive development,
prevention of asthma and overweight

Question 9

plus weaning foods for ? mouths

Question 10

Breast Milk
Nutrients affected by mothers’ diets ? x 8

Answer 10

– Unsaturated fats
– Vitamin A
– Vitamin E
– Riboflavin
– Niacin
– Pyridoxine
– Vitamin B12
– Manganese

Question 11

Breast Milk
Nutritional benefits NOT affected by mothers’ diets? x 11

Answer 11

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin K
• Folate
• Biotin
• Pantothenic acid
• Sodium
• Calcium
• Iron
• Zinc
• Copper
• Fluoride

Question 12

Human milk is not just a food? x 5

Answer 12

But a complex living nutritional fluid that
contains antibodies, enzymes, hormones…
❖Provides complete nutrition for infants which
synchronized with their growing needs
❖Helps protect against certain childhood and
possibly adult disease
❖Beneficial to the mother’s health
❖Cost saving for the community

Question 13

Human vs Cow’s milk more? x 3

Answer 13

Human is more Energy, Fat, Iron

Question 14

Refrigerate freshly expressed human milk?

Answer 14

within 4 hours for
up to 4 days. Previously frozen and thawed human milk
should be used within 24 hours

Question 15

The stomach capacity of an infant?

Answer 15

The stomach capacity of an infant is approx. 10-20ml
one month of age stomach capacity approx. 90-150ml
1 year of age stomach capacity is approx.210-360ml
An adult’s stomach capacity is approx. 2000-3000ml

Question 16

Small Stomachs Create Big Nutritional Problems with high
energy and nutritional needs?

Answer 16

Solutions
Smaller portion size and
higher feeding frequency