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Anesthesia&Surgery > Monitoring Anesthesia > Flashcards

Monitoring Anesthesia Flashcards

0
Q

Values that reflect Oxygenation

A

Mucous Membrane Color
Hemoglobin Saturation
Measurement of Arterial Blood O2

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1
Q

Values that reflect Circulation

A 
HR
Heart Rythym
Pulse Strength
CRT
Mucous Membrane Color
Blood Pressure
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2
Q

Values that reflect Ventilation

A 
RR
Respiratory Depth
Breath Sounds
Expired CO2 Levels
Measurement of Arterial CO2
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3
Q

The most important tools for monitoring are?

A

Your hands, eyes, and ears

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4
Q

Only rely on machines for this

A

Values that you cannot get on your own (Blood Pressure, ECG, SPO2)

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5
Q

Appropriate ❤rate for dogs under anesthesia

A

Large: 60-140 bpm
Small: 70-160 bpm

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6
Q

Appropriate ❤rates for cats under anesthesia

A

120-180 bpm

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7
Q

What is an Esophageal Stethescope used for?

A

Listen for a heartbeat

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8
Q

What does a CRT measure?

A

Tissue perfusion

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9
Q

If a CRT is longer than this, it means that tissue perfusion is not adequate

A

2 seconds

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10
Q

What can pale mucous membranes indicate?

A

Blood loss
Anemia
Poor perfusion

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11
Q

Cyanosis

A

Purple or blue discoloration MM

Emergency!

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12
Q

Icterus

A

Yellow MM discoloration

May indicate severe liver disease or hemolysis

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13
Q

Where can you take a pulse?

A

Lingual, femoral, metacarpal/metatarsal, and dorsal pedal arteries

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14
Q

Pulse strength should be ?

A

Strong and match the heart beat

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15
Q

Weak pulses may indicate this

A

Hypotension

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16
Q

Causes of weak pulses

A

Excessive anesthetic depth, cardiac insufficiency, excessive blood loss

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17
Q

One soaked 3x3 gauze equals this much blood

A

5-6ml of blood

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18
Q

One soaked 4x4 gauze equals this much blood

A

10ml of blood

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19
Q

A healthy animal can tolerate this much of blood loss during sx

A

13ml/kg blood loss

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20
Q

Anesthetic agents are expected to reduce this volume

A

Tidal volume

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21
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled with each breath

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22
Q

Tidal volume rate

A

10-15 ml/kg

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23
Q

How can respiration rate be evaluated?

A

By watching the patient’s chest or the reservoir bag on the anesthetic machine

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24
Q

What is “Bagging the Patient”

A

The process of manual ventilation (gently squeezing the reservoir bag forcing O2/gas into the patient’s lungs)

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25
Q

Bagging the Patient can be used for this

A

⬆ Anesthetic depth
⬆ Respiratory rate
To reverse atelectasis

26
Q

Atelectasis

A

The collapse of alveoli

One lung collapse due to trach tube too far down

27
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increase in respiratory depth

28
Q

Tachypnea

A

Increase in respiratory rate

29
Q

Causes of hyperventilation and/or tachypnea

A

⬆ CO2 in the blood
Underlying pulmonary disease
Surgical stimulation
⬇ In anesthetic depth (animals too light)

30
Q

You should not hear this when evaluating breath sounds

A

Crackles or wheezes

31
Q

One of the most common complications of anesthesia

A

Hypothermia

32
Q

The greatest decrease in body temperature is within this time of anesthesia

A

The first 20 min

33
Q

Methods to avoid hypothermia

A 
Circulating warm water heating pads
IV fluid line warmer
Hot water bags/rice socks
Saran Wrap/bubble wrap
Bair hugger
Warm towels
Heated surgery table
Baby booties on the paws
34
Q

What does ECG measure?

A

The electrical activity of the heart

35
Q

Electromechanical dissociation

A

EKG continues even if your patient’s heart is not contracting

36
Q

Sinus Tachycardia is diagnosed when a patient’s HR under anesthesia is this

A

> 200 bpm in CAT
180 bpm in SM DOG
160 bpm in LG DOG

37
Q

Causes of Sinus Tachycardia

A 
Drug related (atropine, ketamine)
Response to surgical stimulation
Early hypoxia, hypotension
Pre-existing conditions of the heart, thyroid 
Emergency treatment
38
Q

Applying pressure here can stimulate this

A

Vagal activity

39
Q

Sinus Bradycardia is diagnosed when a patient’s ❤rate under anesthesia is this

A

<100 bpm in a CAT

40
Q

Causes of Sinus Bradycardia

A

Can be drug related (Xylazine, Dexamedetomadine, Opioids)
⬆ Anesthetic depth
Hypothermia

41
Q

Treatment for Sinus Bradycardia

A

Can give reversal agents or Atropine

42
Q

What are AV ❤blocks?

A

Electrical impulse through the heart is not being transmitted efficiently

43
Q

1st degree AV ❤block

A

There is a P wave for every QRS complex , but the P-QRS interval is prolonged

44
Q

2nd degree AV ❤block

A

Some P waves are not followed by QRS complexes

45
Q

3rd degree AV ❤block

A

The atria and ventricles are contracting independently. No normal relationship between P waves and QRS complexes

46
Q

2nd and 3rd degree blocks can be seen after administration of this

A

Alpha-2-agonist

47
Q

VPC

A

Ventricular Premature Contractions

Impulse arising from the ventricular muscle causing an uncoordinated heart contraction

48
Q

How do QRS complexes appear with VPCs?

A

Wide and bizarre

49
Q

VPCs can be caused by?

A

Hypoxia

❤ Disease or Trauma

50
Q

Release of this can stimulate the formation of VPCs?

A

Epinephrine release

51
Q

What can forcibly restraining an animal during the induction of anesthesia cause?

A

VPCs

53
Q

Is Ventricular Tachycardia and emergency?

A

YES!

54
Q

What can Ventricular Tachycardia be treated with?

A

Lidocaine given IV

55
Q

Fibrillation

A

Contraction of small muscle bundles within the atria or ventricles

56
Q

The 2 types of Fibrillation

A

Atrial Fibrillation and Ventricular Fibrillation

57
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

No P-waves
High HR
Normal QRS complexes

58
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Absence of QRS complexes

59
Q

Cardiac arrest is imminent with this fibrillation

A

Ventricular fibrillation

60
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

The contraction of the ventricles as it propels blood through the aorta m, pulmonary artery, and other major arteries

61
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

The pressure that remains when the heart is resting between contractions

62
Q

MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

Best indicator of organ perfusion under anesthesia

78
Q

What is Ventricular Tachycardia

A

More than 3 VPCs in a row, more than 15 in one min, or VPCs + falling blood pressure

Anesthesia&Surgery (13 decks)

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