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Anesthesia&Surgery > Intro to Anesthesia & Pre-Anesthetic Agents > Flashcards

Intro to Anesthesia & Pre-Anesthetic Agents Flashcards

0
Q

Sedation

A

Sedation is a drug-induced CNS depression and drowsiness that vary in intensity from light to deep

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1
Q

Anesthesia

A

May be defined as “Loss of sensation” but this only describes one of its effects

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2
Q

Tranquilization

A

Tranquilization is a drug-induced state of calm in which the patient is reluctant to move and is aware of but unconcerned about its surroundings

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3
Q

Hypnosis

A

Hypnosis is a sleep-like state from which the patient can be aroused with sufficient stimulation

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4
Q

Narcosis

A

Refers to a drug-induced sleep grime which the patient is not easily aroused and that is most often associated with the administration of narcotics

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5
Q

Which is deeper? Sedation or Hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis is deeper than sedation

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6
Q

General Anesthesia

A

General anesthesia is a state of unconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, and loss of sensation throughout tue entire body produced by administration of one or more anesthetic agents

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7
Q

Surgical Anesthesia

A

Surgical anesthesia is a specific stage of general anesthesia in which there is sufficient degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation to allow surgery to he performed without patient pain or movement.

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8
Q

Analgesia

A

Loss of sensitivity to pain

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9
Q

Topical Anesthesia

A

Topical anesthesia is the loss of sensation of a localized area produced by administration of a local anesthetic directly to a body surface or to a wound

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10
Q

Regional anesthesia

A

Refers to a loss of sensation in a limited area of the body produced by administration of local anesthetic agent in proximity to sensory nerves
(Ex. Epidural)

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11
Q

Balanced anesthesia

A

Refers to the practice of administering multiple drugs concurrently in smaller quantities than would be required if each were given alone

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12
Q

Anesthetic agent

A

Any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness

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13
Q

Adjuncts

A

A drug that is not a true anesthetic but that is used during anesthesia to produce other desired effects such as muscle relaxation, analgesia, reversal, neuromuscular blockade, or parasympathetic blockade

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14
Q

Pre-anesthetic agents

A

Drugs that are administered to an animal prior to general anesthesia

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15
Q

Reasons to administer pre-anesthetic agents

A

To calm or sedate an excited or fractious animal

Reduce stress, pain, amount of drugs needed to anesthetize the animal

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16
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Provides parasympathetic innervation to numerous target organs such as heart, lungs, GI tract, secretory glands, iris

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17
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The primary neurotransmitter in the PNS responsible for parasympathetic effects

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18
Q

These drugs are given to counter the effects caused by vagal stimulation

A

Anticholinergics

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19
Q

Anticholinergics only affect these receptors on the target organs

A

Only affect Muscarinic receptors

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20
Q

Pre-anesthetic agent groups

A

Anticholinergics
Tranquilizer and Sedatives
Opioids

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21
Q

The Anticholinergic drugs

A

Atropine

Glycopyrrolate

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22
Q

The Tranquilizer/Sedative drug class

A

Phenothiazines
Benzodiazepines
Alpha-2 Agonists

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23
Q

The Opioid drug types

A

Agonists
Partial Agonists
Agonist Antagonist
Antagonists

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24
Q

Anticholinergic prevent this

A

Bradycardia

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25
Q

Opioids provide this

A

Pain relief

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26
Q

These drugs can be given Endotracheal (NAVEL)

A 
Naloxone
Atropine
Vassopressin
Epinephrine 
Lidocaine
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27
Q

The Phenothiazine drugs

A

Acepromazine

Chlorpromazine

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28
Q

The Benzodiazepine drugs

A

Diazepam
Midazolam
Zolazepam

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29
Q

The Alpha-2 Agonist drugs

A

Xylazine

Dexmedetomidine

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30
Q

The opioid antagonist

A

Naloxone

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31
Q

Why is atropine preferred over glycopyrrolate for emergencies?

A

Quicker onset of action, but does not last as long as glycopyrrolate

32
Q

What is the reversal for Anticholinergics?

A

Physostigmine

33
Q

What are the effects of tranquilizers?

A

Reduce anxiety, but may not decrease awareness

34
Q

What is the effect of sedatives?

A

Reduce mental activity and awareness and induce sleepiness

35
Q

Do phenothiazines have analgesic effects?

A

No

36
Q

Are phenothiazines controlled?

A

No

37
Q

Reversal agent for phenothiazines?

A

No reversal agent

38
Q

Boxers and giant breed dogs have an increased sensitivity to this drug class

A

Phenothiazines

39
Q

What effect do anticholinergics have on the heart?

A

Increase HR (prevents bradycardia)

39
Q

What effect do anticholinergics have on salivation?

A

Decrease salivation

39
Q

What effects do anticholinergics have on the respiratory system?

A

Causes bronchodilation

Adverse effect: thicken mucus secretions in the lungs

39
Q

What effects do anticholinergics have on the GI?

A

Decreases peristalsis
Decreases GI activity

Avoid use in Equine, large animals (can cause bloat)

39
Q

What effect do anticholinergics have on the eyes?

A

Mydriasis (pupil dilation)

39
Q

What effect do anticholinergics have on secretions?

A

Decreases tearing
Need to apply eyelube
(Can cause dry eye)

39
Q

Which drug is better at decreasing salivation? Atropine or Gylcopyrrolate?

A

Glycopyrrolate

40
Q

What effects do phenothiazines have on the heart?

A

Vasodilation➡️Low blood pressure (hypotension)➡️Heat loss➡️Reflex tachycardia

41
Q

What effects do phenothiazines have on the brain?

A

Sedation (CNS Depression)

Adverse: Decreases seizure threshold

42
Q

What effects do phenothiazines have on the GI?

A

Antiemetic

43
Q

What effects do antiemetic a have on the lungs?

A

No significant decrease in RR

Adverse: could worsen respiratory depression cause by other drugs

44
Q

The sedative effect of this group of drugs can be overriden if patient is stimulated to a sufficient degree

A

Phenothiazines

45
Q

Which phenothiazine is used in veterinary medicine as an antiemetic, but not as an anesthetic adjunct?

A

Chlorpromazine

46
Q

Are benzodiazepines controlled?

A

Yes

47
Q

Reversal for benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil

48
Q

Do benzodiazepines provide analgesia?

A

No

49
Q

What effects do benzodiazepines have on the heart?

A

No significant effects

50
Q

What effects do benzodiazepines have on the lungs?

A

No significant effects

51
Q

What effects do benzodiazepines have on the brain?

A

CNS depression by increase activity of GABA
Anticonvulsant

Adverse: Can cause dysphoria, excitement when used alone in young healthy animals

52
Q

What effects do benzodiazepines have on the GI?

A

Stimulates appetite in cats (when given IV)

53
Q

What effects do benzodiazepines have on the muscles?

A

Muscle relaxant

Painful IM injection, and not absorbed very well that route

54
Q

This benzodiazepine is not water soluble

A

Diazepam

55
Q

Diazepam cannot be mixed in the same syringe as water-soluble agents except with this drug

A

Ketamine

56
Q

Zolazepam is only available mixed with this drug

A

Tiletamine

Together they make Telazol

57
Q

This drug is very soluble in plastic

A

Diazepam

58
Q

These benzodiazepines are light sensitive

A

Diazepam and Midazolam

59
Q

These drugs decrease the release of norepinephrine

A

Alpha 2 agonists

60
Q

Are alpha-2 agonists controlled?

A

No

61
Q

Can alpha-2 agonists provide analgesic effects?

A

Yes

62
Q

What are the reversal drugs for alpha-2 agonists?

A

Yohimbine reverses Xylazine.

Atipamezole reverses Dexmedetomidine.

63
Q

What effects do alpha-2 agonists have on the heart?

A

Early on Vasoconstriction

⬆️BP=⬇️HR=⬇️BP

64
Q

What effects do alpha-2 agonists have on the lungs

A

Decrease RR, decrease tidal volume

65
Q

What effects do alpha-2 agonists have on the brain

A

Potent sedation

66
Q

What effects do alpha-2 agonists have on the GI

A

Xylazine is an antiemetic

67
Q

What effects do alpha-2 agonists have on the muscles

A

Muscle relaxation

68
Q

Why can alpha-2 agonists cause hypothermia?

A

They decrease thermoregulation and shivering

69
Q

Which alpha-2 agonists an be absorbed through the skin and abrasions?

A

Dexmedetomidine

70
Q

Which alpha-2 agonists is used in small animals? In large animals?

A

Dexmedetomidine- small animals

Xylazine- large animals

71
Q

Types of opioids

A

Agonists
Partial agonists
Agonists-antagonists
Antagonists

Anesthesia&Surgery (13 decks)

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