Mongol Flashcards

1
Q

In the ______ (time), people called ________ burst forth from Central level.

What did they create?

A

Mongrols

In the 1200s a nomadic people called the Mongols burst forth from Central Asia to create the largest land empire in history.

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2
Q

Who were the Mongols?

How were the Mongols living?

A

Steppes too dry for farming, home of nomadic people

  • Nomads relied on herds of domesticated animals
  • Often traded; but also swept down on settlements, took what they wanted
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3
Q

What were the Mongols people like?

A

Fierce Warriors

  • Like Huns, Turks, the Mongols emerged as powerful nomadic people
  • Herded sheep, goats
  • Skilled with horses
  • Accustomed to living in harsh environment, competing for scarce resources
  • Tough people, fierce warriors
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4
Q

How were the Mongol people divided?

Who are the leaders of the Mongols?

A
  • Mongols divided into separate clans, each led by a khan, chief
  • Khans rose to power through military skills, ability to lead
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5
Q

In 1206, a leader called ___________ emerged.

He was called ___________

A

•1206

Genghis Khan

“Universal Ruler”

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6
Q

What did Genghis Khan do?

How did he hold onto power?

A
  • Set out to build empire, organized Mongols into powerful military machine
  • Strict discipline, demanded loyalty, rewarded those who pleased him
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7
Q

What was Genghis Khan’s Campaign of Conquest?

A
  • Mongol forces began bloody campaign of conquest; highly mobile armies
  • Employed brutality, psychological warfare; burned towns, killed inhabitants
  • Sent agents ahead to instill fear; soon people surrendered without a fight
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8
Q

How did Genghis Khan achieve a Mongol Empire?

A
  • Genghis Kahn led Mongols in conquering much of Asia
  • Mongols learned art of siege warfare, gunpowder in fights against Chinese, Turks
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9
Q

By time of Genghis Khan’s death, where did Mongol Empire control?

A
  • At Genghis Kahn’s death, 1227, Mongols controlled much of northern China, Central Asia
  • Sons, grandsons took up challenge of world conquest
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10
Q

How was Genghis Khan’s empire divided?

A
  • Genghis Kahn’s empire divided into four khanates,
  • heir ruled each region;
  • new Great Khan ruled over whole empire
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11
Q

How did the Mongols empire rule?

What did they allow local people and culture to do?

A

The Mongol Peace

  • Mongols built empire with brutality, ruled peacefully
  • Tolerated local beliefs, ways of life, allowed local rulers to stay in power as long as they paid tribute to Mongols

Some Mongols adopted aspects of more civilized cultures;

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12
Q

What did Mongol Empire establish across Asia?

A

•Mongol Empire established peace, stability across Asia

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13
Q

This period of Mongol Peace was called ____________

A

•Some historians call period Pax Mongolica, “Mongol Peace”

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14
Q

How did Mongol Empire spread?

A
  • Guarded trade routes across Asia,
  • allowed trade to increase;
  • people, goods, ideas flowed across Asia
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15
Q

What dynasty came after?

A

The Yuan Dynasty

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16
Q

In 1260, ________ became Great Kahn of Mongol Empire.

What was he determined to do?

A
  • 1260, Kublai Khan became Great Kahn of Mongol Empire
  • Determined to complete conquest of China begun in 1235
17
Q

How did Kublai Khan create a dynasty?

A
  • Mongols ruled northern China
  • Southern Song dynasty ruled in south, fiercely resisted Mongols
  • 1279, Song defeated; Kublai Khan created Yuan dynasty
18
Q

How did Kublai Kahn rule China?

A
  • As emperor, Kublai Khan tried to gain loyalty of Chinese subjects
  • Adopted Chinese practices, gave dynasty Chinese name
19
Q

What was the Mongol Identity under Kublai Khan?

A
  • Kublai Khan tried to rule as Chinese emperor
  • But took care to see Mongols not absorbed into Chinese culture
  • Mongols lived apart from Chinese, had little in common
20
Q

How was the relationship between Mongols and Chinese?

A

Separation

  • Individual friendships between Mongols, Chinese discouraged
  • Mongols forbidden to marry Chinese
  • Different laws, taxes for Chinese; could not own weapons, serve in military
21
Q

What power did the Chinese have under Kublai Khan’s rule?

Who held government office?

A

Limited Power

  • Kublai Khan distrusted Chinese, limited power
  • Chinese officials served at local level, could not hold high government posts
  • Mongols invited foreigners to hold government office
22
Q

How did the Mongols have money to do things?

What did they build across China?

A
  • Mongols burdened Chinese with heavy taxes
  • Large part of taxes supported public-works projects
  • Chinese laborers built new roads, extended Grand Canal
23
Q

How did the Mongols maintain peace across China?

A
  • Mongols posted soldiers throughout China to keep peace
  • Feared rebellions, particularly in south where many Chinese remained loyal to Song dynasty
24
Q

How was the state of trade?

A
  • Foreign trade increased
  • Pax Mongolica made land travel safer for merchants
  • Sea trade improved; foreign merchants welcomed to China’s ports
25
Q

What foreigners came to China?

A

As a result of Kublai Khan’s foreign trade policies, many merchants, travelers and missionaries came to China.

26
Q

The most famous European that came to China was ________

A

One of the most famous of these Europeans was Marco Polo

27
Q

Who was Marco Polo visit and where did he visit?

A

•Marco Polo, Italian trader visited Yuan court

28
Q

Where did Marco Polo travel to?

A

•Kublai Kahn sent Polo on several missions; traveled in, around China for 17 years

29
Q

How do we know about Polo’s travels?

A

•1295, Polo imprisoned in Venice, recounted tales to fellow prisoner

30
Q

What were stories of China told by Marco Polo?

A

Accounts of China

  • Polo’s tales published as book
  • Book fascinated many Europeans
  • Polo described grand palace, with walls covered in silver, gold
  • Noted efficiency of postal system, use of paper money
  • Awed by size, splendor of cities
31
Q

What caused Yuan Dynasty to get weak?

A

The Yuan dynasty weakened during the last part of Kublai Khan’s reign. One cause was a number of military defeats.

32
Q

Where did Kublai Khan try to conquer?

A
  • Kublai Khan had set sights on conquering Japan
  • Tried to invade Japan twice
  • Disastrous results each time
33
Q

How did Kublai Khan attack Japan?

Did he succeed?

What happened?

A
  • First attempt: 900 ships attacked Japan, storm destroyed fleet
  • Second attempt: Khan sent larger fleet, severe storm again wiped out fleet
34
Q

What did the Japanese call these storms that saved them?

What did this term mean?

A

•Japanese called storms that saved them kamikaze, “divine wind” (remember the term…)

35
Q

What caused weaknesses in the Mongol Empire?

Give 3 reasons

A
  • Huge military losses in Japan weakened Mongol forces that controlled, protected China
  • Large amounts spent on public-works projects weakened economy
  • Weaknesses, Chinese resentment of Mongols, left empire ripe for rebellion
36
Q

What happened after Kublai Khan died?

A

•1294, Kublai Khan died, power struggles erupted;

Khan’s successors lacked talent for leadership

37
Q

What else contributed to end of dynasty?

A

Rising taxes further increased discontent

38
Q

By 1300s, how did Mongol rule of China end?

A

•1300s, Chinese rebelled, defeated Mongols,

ending foreign rule in China