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AP Biology > Molecular Inheritance and DNA to Protein > Flashcards

Molecular Inheritance and DNA to Protein Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

conservative

A

DNA parental strand intact, all new copy made

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2
Q

helicase

A

“unzips” the double helix

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3
Q

DNA polymerase

A

adds free DNA nucleotides (catalyzes elongation)

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4
Q

leading strand

A

template strand for continuous synthesis

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5
Q

origins of replication

A

beginning places for replication

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6
Q

antiparallel

A

DNA strands with sugar-phosphate backbones in opposite directions

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7
Q

ligase

A

enzyme that joins DNA fragments

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8
Q

primer

A

short sequence of RNA needed to start new chain

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9
Q

telomeres

A

ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

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10
Q

dispersive

A

each new daughter strand mixes old and new nucleotides

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11
Q

replication bubble

A

point of separation of DNA strands

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12
Q

primase

A

links RNA nucleotides used for “starter” (makes primer for replication)

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13
Q

lagging strand

A

copied in short segments

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14
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

hold template strands apart

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15
Q

okazaki fragments

A

name for short pieces formed by lagging strand template

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16
Q

semiconservative

A

each strand serves as a template for a new strand

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17
Q

primer nucleotides

A

are replaced with DNA nucleotides

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18
Q

telomerase

A

uses short RNA sequence to extend 3 prime end

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19
Q

intron

A

noncoding sequence

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20
Q

DNA template

A

the side of the DNA that is transcribed

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21
Q

transcription factors

A

recognize the promoter region and bind to the promoter

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22
Q

transcription unit

A

the “gene” that includes promoter and terminator

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23
Q

RNA polymerase

A

separates DNA and also adds free RNA nucleotides

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24
Q

post-translational modifications

A

process that modifies transcript after transcription

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25
Q

spliceosome

A

unit that removes introns and joins exons

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26
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

includes promoter, factors, and polymerase

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27
Q

promoter

A

“upstream” of the gene sequence

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28
Q

terminator

A

signals end of transcription

29
Q

5 prime

A

modified guanine added to this end after transcription, serves as “attach” signal for ribosomes

30
Q

exon

A

coding segments

31
Q

snRNP

A

consist of snRNA and proteins; part of a larger splicing unit (small nuclear ribonucleic proteins)

32
Q

ribosome

A

snRNA can act as an enzyme and is called this

33
Q

3 prime

A

a poly-A tail is added to this end after transcription

34
Q

tRNA

A

carries specific amino acid to ribosome

35
Q

wobble

A

relaxing of base pairing rules at 3rd base

36
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

enzyme that catalyzes formation of covalent bond to join tRNA with amino acid

37
Q

anticodon

A

specific triplet on tRNA

38
Q

codon

A

specific triplet on mRNA

39
Q

rRNA

A

this, not the protein portion, carries out the function of the ribosome

40
Q

intiation

A

process that brings together mRNA, small subunit, and initiator tRNA

41
Q

initiation factors

A

brings in large subunit and places initiator tRNA in P site

42
Q

mRNA

A

brings DNA instructions to cytoplasm

43
Q

translocation

A

ribosome moves tRNA with polypetptide chain from A to P site

44
Q

termination

A

occurs when one of three stop codons is reached

45
Q

chaperone protein

A

aid folding of polypeptide

46
Q

polyribosome

A

multiple ribosomes making many copies of same polypeptide

47
Q

codon recognition

A

first step of elongation in translation (mRNA meets tRNA)

48
Q

release factor

A

binds to stop codon to hydrolyze connection between tRNA and chain

49
Q

peptide bond

A

connection between chain and new amino acid in A site

50
Q

Griffith

A

1928 (1)

discovered transformation; mice with harmful and harmless strands of pneumonia

51
Q

Avery

A

1944 (2)

figured out DNA was the transforming agent; purified all the molecules from Griffith’s experiment

52
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

1952 (4)

proved DNA was the transforming agent; used T2 phages with radioactive sulfur (tagged protein) and radioactive phosphorus (tagged DNA)

53
Q

Chargaff

A

1947 (3)

base pairing rules

54
Q

Franklin and Wilkins

A

Early 1950s (5)

x-ray crystallography; able to deduce three-dimensional structure of DNA

55
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Mid 1950s (6)

discovered the structure of DNA; hypothesized mechanism for DNA replication; semiconservative model of replication

56
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

Late 1950s (7)

proved that DNA replicates using the semiconservative model, used a heavy isotope of nitrogen

57
Q

Gerrod

A

first linked a genotype to a phenotype; alkaptonuria

58
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

one gene one polypeptide hyp., bread mold defective in synthesizing arginine pathway

59
Q

Nirenberg

A

discovered genetic code

60
Q

Translation Initiation (process)

A
  • brings together mRNA, a tRNA bearing the first Amino acid of the polypeptide, and the 2 subunits of a ribosome
  • small ribosomal unit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine
  • a large ribosomal unit is then attached, forming the translation initiation complex
61
Q

Polypeptide destine for the endomembrane system or for export (process)

A

-polypeptide has a specific signal peptide at or near the leading end (about 20 amino acids)
-signal recognition particle (srp) binds to signal peptide
and attaches it (+ its ribosome) to a receptor protein in the ER membrane
-protein synthesis resumes

62
Q

frameshift

A

causes improperly grouped codons

63
Q

substitution

A

change in one pair of nitrogenous bases

64
Q

missense

A

an amino acid, but a different one

65
Q

point

A

can have little or no impact or readily detectable change

66
Q

silent

A

same amino acid because of redundancy in genetic code

67
Q

nonsense

A

amino acid changed to a stop codon

68
Q

insertion/deletion

A

addition or loss of nucleotide pairs

AP Biology (9 decks)

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