Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards
chromatin
DNA-protein complex (genetic material in non-dividing cell)
sister chromatids
each duplicated chromosome consists of
mitosis
division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
interphase
accounts for 90% of the cell cycle
binary fission
reproduction of a prokaryotic cell
cleavage furrow
division of cytoplasm in an animal cell
M phase
phase that includes mitosis and cytokinesis
kinetochore
microtubules from the poles attach to these regions of the centromere
centrosome
assembly of the spindle begins here
G2
cell completes preparations for division
cell cycle
life of a cell from origin until its own division
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
S
phase of copying chromosomes
mitotic spindle
fibers composed of microtubules and proteins, guides chromatid movement
cell plate
cytoplasmic division of plant cell from vesicles produced by the golgi
G1
phase of growth
G0
cell exits cycle and enters non-dividing state
centromere
region that connects sister chromatids
meiosis
process that yields half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
centriole
animal organelle that aids in division
G1 checkpoint
most important checkpoint in the cycle
protein kinases
activates or deactivates other proteins by phosphorylating them
MPF
triggers cell past G2 to M phase
density-dependent inhibition
cells divide until a layer is formed or a gap is filled
cyclin
activates protein kinases, levels fluctuate in cell cycle
metastasis
process of carrying cancerous cells to other tissues via lymph or blood
benign
tumor cells that remain at original site
APC
checks that kinetochores are attached to the spindle
PDGF
triggers signal induction pathway that leads to cell division, released in area of injury
anchorage dependence
to divide, cell must be attached to substratum (eg. ECM)
CDKs
complex of cycle and kinase, uncertain of exact actions
prometaphase
nuclear envelope fragments during this phase
anaphase
centromeres divide separating sister chromatids in this phase
telophase
cell elongates and nuclei reform in this phase
prophase
chromosomes are tightly coiled and spindle begins to form in this phase
metaphase
spindle fibers push chromatids to center plate in this phase
heredity
transmission of genetic traits from one generation to another
asexual reproduction
a single individual produces offspring identical to the parent
synaptonemal complex
protein zipper that holds homologues (and copies) together
independent assortment
random orientation of tetrads at the metaphase plate
karyotype
display of chromosomes in size order
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes of a “pair” that carry genes for same characteristics
sexual reproduction
reproduction of two parents that results in greater variation
haploid
cell with a single chromosome set
fertilization
fusing of egg and sperm
zygote
fertilized egg
genes
segments of DNA
variation
differences between parents, offspring, siblings
gametes
general term for reproductive cells
autosomes
chromosomes that do not determine gender
somatic cell
all cells other than egg or sperm, produced by mitosis
crossing over
produces recombinant chromosomes that combines genes from each parent
random fertilization
any sperm can fuse with any egg
syngamy
restores the diploid condition in sexual reproduction
sex chromosomes
chromosomes that determine gender
diploid
a cell having two sets of chromosomes
chiasmata
area where sections of non-sister chromatids are exchanged
mutations
“mistakes” that ultimately create a population’s gene diversity
malignant
cells that leave original site
tetrad
synapsis forms this group of four
