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AP Biology > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chromatin

A

DNA-protein complex (genetic material in non-dividing cell)

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2
Q

sister chromatids

A

each duplicated chromosome consists of

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3
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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4
Q

interphase

A

accounts for 90% of the cell cycle

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5
Q

binary fission

A

reproduction of a prokaryotic cell

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6
Q

cleavage furrow

A

division of cytoplasm in an animal cell

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7
Q

M phase

A

phase that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

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8
Q

kinetochore

A

microtubules from the poles attach to these regions of the centromere

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9
Q

centrosome

A

assembly of the spindle begins here

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10
Q

G2

A

cell completes preparations for division

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11
Q

cell cycle

A

life of a cell from origin until its own division

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12
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

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13
Q

S

A

phase of copying chromosomes

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14
Q

mitotic spindle

A

fibers composed of microtubules and proteins, guides chromatid movement

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15
Q

cell plate

A

cytoplasmic division of plant cell from vesicles produced by the golgi

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16
Q

G1

A

phase of growth

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17
Q

G0

A

cell exits cycle and enters non-dividing state

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18
Q

centromere

A

region that connects sister chromatids

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19
Q

meiosis

A

process that yields half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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20
Q

centriole

A

animal organelle that aids in division

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21
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

most important checkpoint in the cycle

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22
Q

protein kinases

A

activates or deactivates other proteins by phosphorylating them

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23
Q

MPF

A

triggers cell past G2 to M phase

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24
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

cells divide until a layer is formed or a gap is filled

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25
Q

cyclin

A

activates protein kinases, levels fluctuate in cell cycle

26
Q

metastasis

A

process of carrying cancerous cells to other tissues via lymph or blood

27
Q

benign

A

tumor cells that remain at original site

28
Q

APC

A

checks that kinetochores are attached to the spindle

29
Q

PDGF

A

triggers signal induction pathway that leads to cell division, released in area of injury

30
Q

anchorage dependence

A

to divide, cell must be attached to substratum (eg. ECM)

31
Q

CDKs

A

complex of cycle and kinase, uncertain of exact actions

32
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope fragments during this phase

33
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres divide separating sister chromatids in this phase

34
Q

telophase

A

cell elongates and nuclei reform in this phase

35
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes are tightly coiled and spindle begins to form in this phase

36
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibers push chromatids to center plate in this phase

37
Q

heredity

A

transmission of genetic traits from one generation to another

38
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a single individual produces offspring identical to the parent

39
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

protein zipper that holds homologues (and copies) together

40
Q

independent assortment

A

random orientation of tetrads at the metaphase plate

41
Q

karyotype

A

display of chromosomes in size order

42
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes of a “pair” that carry genes for same characteristics

43
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction of two parents that results in greater variation

44
Q

haploid

A

cell with a single chromosome set

45
Q

fertilization

A

fusing of egg and sperm

46
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

47
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA

48
Q

variation

A

differences between parents, offspring, siblings

49
Q

gametes

A

general term for reproductive cells

50
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that do not determine gender

51
Q

somatic cell

A

all cells other than egg or sperm, produced by mitosis

52
Q

crossing over

A

produces recombinant chromosomes that combines genes from each parent

53
Q

random fertilization

A

any sperm can fuse with any egg

54
Q

syngamy

A

restores the diploid condition in sexual reproduction

55
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that determine gender

56
Q

diploid

A

a cell having two sets of chromosomes

57
Q

chiasmata

A

area where sections of non-sister chromatids are exchanged

58
Q

mutations

A

“mistakes” that ultimately create a population’s gene diversity

59
Q

malignant

A

cells that leave original site

60
Q

tetrad

A

synapsis forms this group of four

AP Biology (9 decks)

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