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AP Biology > Chapter 6 - A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The cell is the…

A

simplest collection of matter that can be alive

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2
Q

Cells are an organism’s basic units of…

A

structure and function

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3
Q

Light Microscope

A

visible light is passed through the specimen and then through the glass lenses

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4
Q

Magnification

A

the ratio of an objects image size to its real size

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5
Q

Resolution

A

a measure of image clarity, it is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points

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6
Q

Electron microscope

A

focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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7
Q

Scanning electron microscopes

A

useful for studying the topography of a specimen

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8
Q

Transmission electron microscopes

A

used to study the internal structure of cells

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9
Q

Biochemistry

A

the study of chemical processes of cells

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10
Q

Cell fractionation

A

technique that takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another

  • centrifuge spins test tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells
  • the resulting forces cause a fraction of the cell components to settle to the bottom of the tube, forming a pellet
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11
Q

Cytosol

A

semifluid substance within the membrane of a cell

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12
Q

Plasma membrane

A

functions as a selective barrir that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell

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13
Q

As a cell increases in size…

A

its volume increases faster than its surface area

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14
Q

A eukaryotic cells has extensive and elaborate,,,

A

internal membranes. Each type of membrane has a unique combination of lipids and proteins for its specific functions

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

contains most of the genes in a Eukaryotic cell

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16
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, perforated by pores

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17
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus

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18
Q

DNA and associated proteins are organized into…

A

chromosomes

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19
Q

Each chromosome contains…

A

one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins, called chromatin

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

region of densely stained fibers inside the nucleus

-rRNA is synthesized and assembled with proteins to from ribosomal subunits

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21
Q

The nucleus directs protein synthesis by…

A

synthesizing mRNA according to instructions provided by the DNA

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

containing rRNA and proteins carry out protein synthesis

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23
Q

Free ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol

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24
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope
-synthesize proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles such as lysosomes or for export from the cell

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25
Q

Endomembrane system

A

includes the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

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26
Q

Tasks of the endomembrane system

A

synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles orout of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons

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27
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

includes a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae that separate the internal compartment of the ER from the cytosol

28
Q

Smooth ER

A

rich in enzymes, synthesis of lipids, metabolation of carbs, detoxification, and storage of calcium ions

29
Q

Rough ER

A

especially abundant in cells that secrete proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to rough ER
MEMBRANE FACTORY FOR THE CELL

30
Q

Most secretory polypeptides are…

A

glycoproteins

31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

center of receiving, sorting, shipping, and manufacturing

-consists of flattened membranous sacs- cisternae

32
Q

Cis face (golgi)

A

receives material

33
Q

Trans face

A

where golgi products that are secreted depart from

34
Q

Lysosome

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules

  • some lysosomes arise by budding from trans face of the golgi
  • carry out intracellular digestion
35
Q

Lysosomes play a role in autophagy…

A

recylcing the cell’s organelles and macromolecules

36
Q

Food vacuoles

A

formed by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes

37
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

found in freshwater potists, pump excess water out of the cell

38
Q

Tonoplast

A

membrane surrounding the vacuolein plant cells

39
Q

In plants and fungi, vacuolues carry out…

A

enzymatic hydrolysis, like animal lysosomes do

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

are the sites of cellular respiration

  • have a smooth outer membrane and a convoluted inner membrane with infoldings called cristae
  • the inner membrane encloses the mitochondrial matrix, a fluid-filled space
41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis

-contain the green pigment chlorophyll

42
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell

43
Q

The number of mitochondria is correlated with…

A

the cell’s level of aerobic metabolic activity

44
Q

Stroma

A

fluid-filled space inside the innermost membrane of a cholorplast. in it floats membranous sacs called thylakoids

45
Q

Amylopasts

A

colorless organelles that store starch (amylose)

46
Q

Chromoplasts

A

store pigments for fruits/flowers

47
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct

  • some use oxygen to break fatty acids down
  • contain enzymes that convert H2O2 to water
48
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that provides a mechanical support and maintains the cell’s shape

  • provides anchorage for many organelles/enzymes
  • plays a major role in cell motility
  • made of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments*
49
Q

Motor proteins

A

bring about movements of cilia and flagella

50
Q

Microtubules

A
  • thickest
  • hollow rods constructed from a globular protein called tubulin
  • shape and support the cell
  • serve as tracks to guide motor proteins
  • in many animal cells, microtubules grow out from a centrosome near the nucleus
51
Q

Within the centrosome is a pair of centrioles, each with…

A

nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

52
Q

The cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by a…

A

basal body structurally similar to a centriole

-each outer doublet has pairs of large protruding motor proteins called dyneins

53
Q

Microfilaments or actin filaments

A
  • thin solid rods
  • structural role in the cytoskeleton is to bear tension
  • important in cell motility, especially in muscles cells
54
Q

In plant cells, actin-myosin interactions drive cytoplasmic streaming…

A

which creates a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

55
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
  • built from a particular molecular subunit belonging to a family of proteins whose members include keratin
  • more permanent fixtures of the cytoskeleton
56
Q

Cell wall

A

-in plants
extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells: protects cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive water intake
-basic design of cell wall consists of cellulose

57
Q

Primary cell wall

A

relatively thin and flexible wall secreted by a young plant cell

58
Q

Middle lamella

A
  • between the primary walls of adjacent cells
  • thin layer with sticky polysaccharides called pectins
  • glues adjacent cells together
59
Q

When a plant stops growing…

A

it strengthens its wall by secreting hardening substances into the primary wall or by adding a secondary cell wall

60
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

-primary constituents are glycoproteins (especially collagen fibers) embedded in a network of proteoglycans

61
Q

In many cells, fibronectins in the ECM connect to…

A

integrins, cell surface receptor proteins that span the membrane and bind on their cytoplasmic side to proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

62
Q

ECM can…

A
  • regulate cell behavior

- influence the activity of genes

63
Q

Plant cells are perforated with plasmodesmata…

A

channels that connect cells, allows cytosol to pass between

64
Q

Tight junctions

A

the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other

65
Q

Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

A

function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets

66
Q

Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

A

provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell (similar to plasmodesmata in plants)

AP Biology (9 decks)

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