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AP Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

exaptations

A

structures that evolve and function one way in one environment, but then perform a different function when placed in a new environment

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2
Q

population

A

smallest unit that can evolve

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3
Q

modern synthesis

A

this idea ties together Darwin and Mendel; it is considered the comprehensive theory of evolution and takes into consideration the ideas of populations as a unit of evolution, natural selection as a mechanism, and the theory of gradualism

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4
Q

founder effect

A

when only a few individuals of a population newly colonize land, their respective alleles increase in frequency, but this may not be representative of the parent population

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5
Q

speciation

A

origin of new species that can follow one of two patterns: anagenesis or cladogenesis; this is also the boundary between microevolution and macroevolution

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6
Q

diploidy

A

this is the reason recessive alleles can be hidden and protected in a population; they are still there, but they aren’t expressed because we have two alleles

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7
Q

Hutton

A

came up with theory of gradualism

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8
Q

Charles Lyell

A

came up with theory of uniformitarianism

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9
Q

cladogenesis

A

building one new species from a parent, but the parent species still exists; branching evolution

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10
Q

natural selection

A

survival of the fittest - depends on who will leave the most viable (reproductively successful) offspring in the next generation; this is the mechanism for evolution

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11
Q

fossil record

A

ordered array in which fossils appear in layers; gives hints as to which species came when in time

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12
Q

genetic drift

A

changes in a population’s allele frequencies due to chance; examples are the bottleneck effect and the founder effect

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13
Q

cline

A

geographic variation where there is a graded change in a trait based on a location; ex. when the trees get shorter and the mountain increases in altitude

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14
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

he did work with populations and said that population have a tendency to over-reproduce; he also said that populations tend to exceed their resources

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15
Q

directional selection

A

a type of selection that shifts to favor one extreme of the characteristic

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16
Q

taxonomy

A

a system of classifying and naming organisms based on their common anatomy

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17
Q

puncuated equillibrium

A

the idea that species diverge in spurts, not gradually; these spurts can be 1000s of years; this theory accounts for the variation in the tempo of speciation

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18
Q

Darwinian fitness

A

measured by how many reproductively fertile offspring are left in the next generation

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19
Q

sampling error

A

if the sample size is too small, changes in the frequency of alleles will have a large effect on the population

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20
Q

vestigial organs

A

remnants of organs or structures that have no function now, but had a significant function in our ancestors

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21
Q

use and disuse

A

the idea that parts of your body you use most become stronger - hypothesized by Lamarck

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22
Q

allopatric speciation

A

type of speciation where geographic barriers lead to the origin of a new species; if the populations come back together and they can interbreed, then speciation has not occurred; if they cannot interbreed, then it has occurred

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23
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

when males and females of a species differ in size, shape, color, or markings

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24
Q

gene pool

A

the alleles and genes of all the individuals in a population

25
Q

discrete characters

A

characters in a population that are determined by a single gene locus and are an either/or basis…. either you have it or you don’t; ex. freckles

26
Q

autopolyploidy

A

type of polyploidy speciation in plants when the individual plant has 2 chromosome sets from the same species; caused by a mistake in meiosis

27
Q

racemization

A

way of figuring out how old something is - not a reliable technique.

28
Q

sympatric speciation

A

when new species arise from geographically overlapping populations (not a geographical barrier)

29
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

developed a theory very similar to Darwin’s concerning evolution; however, he did not have nearly enough evidence to support his ideas, and therefore was not taken seriously

30
Q

uniformitarianism

A

this theory states that geological processes proceed today at the same rate as they did many years ago; the rates of change are the same

31
Q

HW theorem

A

says that the frequency of alleles in a population’s gene pool remains constant over generations

32
Q

disruptive “diversifying” selection

A

type of selection that favors variants of opposite extremes of a characteristic

33
Q

allometric growth

A

this is the proportioning that gives a body its specific shape; if the rate of change is even slightly altered, it will drastically change the adult form; changing features over time

34
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

studied fossils and was very interested in paleontology; came up with theory of catastrophism

35
Q

microevolution

A

generation to generation change in the frequency of alleles in a population

36
Q

bottleneck effect

A

when a disaster drastically reduces the size of a population; the organisms left may not be representative of the overall allele frequencies of the original population

37
Q

principle of parsimony

A

idea that the simplest explanation that is consisten with the facts is probably the correct one when making phylogenic trees; “keep it simple”

38
Q

biogeography

A

geographic distribution of species

39
Q

catastrophism

A

theory suggests the boundary between strata of fossils must be marked by a catastrophe in time

40
Q

Linnaeus

A

he came up with the first idea of taxonomy; classified organisms based on their common anatomy and morphology; eventually he came up with the concept of binomial nomenclature

41
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

when the heterozygote form has an advantage over either of the homozygous forms

42
Q

Darwin

A

proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution; naturalist that traveled the sea and did research in the Galapagos islands to come up with enough data to support his ideas on evolution; he then wrote a book about his theory

43
Q

intersexual selection

A

individuals of one sex are choosy in picking a mate (no direct competition)

44
Q

differential reproduction

A

organisms that have favorable traits for their specific environments produce more offspring than those organisms without those specific traits

45
Q

anagenesis

A

transformation of one species into another; phyletic evolution

46
Q

radiometric dating

A

type of absolute dating that uses radioactive isotopes with specific half-lives; the age of the fossil can be determined by examining the amount of the daughter isotopes accumulated, or by the amount of parent isotope lost

47
Q

species

A

a group of populations whose individuals can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

48
Q

gradualism

A

theory proposed by Hutton that explains that the features of Earth are due to slow, continuous processes, and what we see today is the culmination

49
Q

Origin of Species

A

name of Darwin’s book that explains natural selection and evolution

50
Q

homologies

A

similar features in two different organisms resulting from common ancestry

51
Q

molecular clocks

A

new timing methods that are based on the idea that parts of the genome evolve at constant rates

52
Q

quantitative characters

A

characters in a population that vary along a continuum; they have an addictive effect and they are usually polygenic

53
Q

intrasexual selection

A

direct competition for mates

54
Q

Lamarck

A

theorized about evolution and came up with the use/disuse theory ; also said that acquired characteristics could be inherited (incorrect)

55
Q

DNA analysis

A

this is the best technique to use to determine the evolutionary relationship between related species of they are still alive

56
Q

stablizing selection

A

type of selection that favors an intermediate of a character; this decreases variation and maintains status quo

57
Q

polymorphic

A

when two or more forms of a discrete character are present in a population

58
Q

evolution

A

this idea explains life’s unity and diversity; worked on by Darwin and Wallace

AP Biology (9 decks)

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