Molecular Genetics Patterns Flashcards
Combo of Pintar and Millonig Lectures (I and II)
Name the 5 Major Developmental Signaling Pathways
- TGF-b (Transforming Growth Factor)
- FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)
- SHH (Sonic Hedgehog)
- Wnt
- RA (Retinoic Acid)
What type of signalling pathway does TGF-b normally use? Notable examples include; Nodal and BMP, which antagonizes Nodal.
Typically use Threonine-Serine Kinase Dimers (Thr-Ser)
Smads promote _____ Signaling
TGF-Beta
To antagonize TGF-B pathways, you can either block the receptor OR you could target the typical ligand dimers. Name three notable examples of BMP-4 (tgf-b path) Antagonists.
- Chordin
- Noggin
- Lefty
What type of signaling do FGFs typically use?
Tyrosine Kinases
How does Syndecan activate FGF signalling?
Two or more GAG monomers link onto Tyrosine kinases to make activated dimers.
The gene “Nodal” , which induces the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), falls under what Signaling Family Peptides?
TGF-Beta
For the primitive streak to occur, the widespread BMP-4 must be _____ by chordin and noggin
Inhibited
Two major functions of FGF of embryo development (14days)
- Induces Nodal (left/right sidedness)
- Promotes chordin and nogging (bmp-4 inhibitors)
Too much retinoic acid wrecks the development of the ____ part of the body
Posterior; diagram shows legs
To further the Rostral-Caudal axis, Retinoic Acid engages in two “Tug of wars” with what other family class? Who wins where?
FGF
RA wins in Anterior
FGF wins in Posterior
3’ hox genes form more ____ structures, whereas 5’ hox genes from more ____ structures. (Anatomical Positioning)
- Anterior
- Posterior
Why does too much RA result in posterior malformation?
- RA inhibits FGF
- FGF promotes 5’ Hox Genes
- 5’ regulates Posterior Structures
The ____ DNA sequences consists of 3 alpha helixes and always binds to the DNA
Homeobox
5’ end of Hox genes encodes which anatomical portion?
The Posterior
