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MLT-MLS Spring 2023 > Molecular Diagnostics Nucleic Acid & Chromosome Structure > Flashcards

Molecular Diagnostics Nucleic Acid & Chromosome Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

Stores genetic information

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3
Q

Where the majority of DNA is found

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Where a small amount of DNA can be found

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

Anti-parallel double-stranded helix that looks similar to a twisted ladder

A

DNA

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6
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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7
Q

Purpose of RNA

A

Translates DNA sequence into proteins

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8
Q

Where most RNA is found

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Where some RNA may be found

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

-Single-stranded
-Contains uracil instead of thymine

A

RNA

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11
Q

Building blocks of DNA and RNA include what 3 things?

A

-Nitrogenous bases
-Sugars
-Phosphate group

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12
Q

Biggest difference between purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines have a 2 ring structure

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13
Q

How many (and which) nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

2:
-Adenine
-Guanine

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14
Q

How many (and which) nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

3:
-Thymine
-Uracil
-Cytosine

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15
Q

DNA’s sugar

A

Deoxyribose

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16
Q

RNA’s sugar

A

Ribose

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17
Q

Difference between deoxyribose and ribose sugars

A

Deoxyribose has lost an oxygen

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18
Q

What does a phosphate group consist of?

A

A phosphorus atom surrounded by oxygen atoms

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19
Q

Sugar + Nitrogenous Base = ?

A

Nucleoside

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20
Q

What makes up a nucleoside?

A

Sugar + Nitrogenous Base

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21
Q

Nucleoside + Phosphate group = ?

A

Nucleotide

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22
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Nucleoside + Phosphate group

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23
Q

What is a chain of nucleotides called?

A

Nucleotide polymer

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24
Q

What are the ends of DNA called?

A

3’ and 5’
(Three prime and five prime)

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25
Q

The 5’ end of DNA has a free ___________

A

Free phosphate group

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26
Q

The 3’ end of DNA has a free __________

A

Free pentose sugar

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27
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Nitrogenous bases always pair purine with pyrimidine

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Adenine will always pair with which pyrimidine(s)

A

Uracil (RNA)
&
Thymine (DNA)

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29
Q

Cytosine will always pair with which purine?

A

Guanine

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30
Q

Thymine will always pair with which purine?

A

Adenine

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31
Q

Uracil will always pair with which purine?

A

Adenine

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32
Q

Guanine will always pair with which pyrimidine?

A

Cytosine

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33
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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34
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?

A

2 Hydrogen bonds

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35
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?

A

2 Hydrogen bonds

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36
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine?

A

3 Hydrogen bonds

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37
Q

For DNA, what is meant by anti-parallel?

A

5’ of one strand binds to the 3’ of another

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38
Q

DNA is always read or recorded _____ to _____

A

5’ to 3’

39
Q

What is the reason for DNA being twisted?

A

The nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic and the sugar-phosphate backbone is hydrophilic; so the backbone will protect the bases from water in the cell.

40
Q

Enzymes and protein involved in DNA replication (7)

A

-Helicase
-Single-Stranded Binding proteins
-Topoisomerase
-Primase
-DNA Polymerase III
-DNA Polymerase I
-Ligase

41
Q

DNA Replication:
Unzips the DNA strands

A

Helicase

42
Q

DNA Replication:
Attaches to the unzipped strands of DNA to keep them from binding back to each other

A

Single-Stranded Binding proteins

43
Q

DNA Replication:
Works to keep the DNA strands from supercoiling

A

Topoisomerase

44
Q

DNA Replication:
Creates RNA primers required to start replication

A

Primase

45
Q

DNA Replication:
Signal DNA polymerase III where to start building the new strand of DNA

A

RNA primers

46
Q

DNA Replication:
Starts building the new DNA strand

A

DNA Polymerase III

47
Q

DNA Replication:
removes RNA primers when it is time.

A

DNA Polymerase I

48
Q

DNA Replication:
Responsible for “gluing” Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand

A

DNA Ligase

49
Q

DNA replication is considered _______________, meaning the result is 2 double-stranded DNAs; each of which have one “parent” strand and one “daughter” strand.

A

Semi-conservative

50
Q

The “Y” shaped structure where new DNA strands are synthesized

A

Replication fork

51
Q

The DNA strand that can be built continuously is known as the __________.

A

Leading strand

52
Q

The DNA strand that can’t be built continuously is known as the ______________

A

Lagging strand

53
Q

The lagging strand builds in fragments known as ___________

A

Okazaki fragments

54
Q

What degrades DNA?

A

Nucleases aka DNAses

55
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleases?

A

-Exonucleases
-Endonucleases

56
Q

Nuclease that nibble in from the end of the DNA strand

A

Exonuclease

57
Q

Nuclease that will start degrading the DNA strand from somewhere in the middle

A

Endonuclease

58
Q

Enzymes that attack specific sequences of DNA

A

Restriction enzymes
aka
Restriction endonucleases

59
Q

What is a nickname for restriction enzymes?

A

Molecular scissors

60
Q

What produces restriction enzymes and why?

A

Bacteria to protect against bateriophages

61
Q

Which restriction enzymes makes random cuts?

A

Type I

62
Q

Which restriction enzyme makes non-specific cuts?

A

Type III

63
Q

Which restriction enzyme makes specific cuts?

A

Type II

64
Q

Which restriction enzyme is most useful for molecular techniques?

A

Type II

65
Q

What is the termed used to describe the overhang/free flappy section of a DNA strand after a restriction enzyme cuts it?

A

Sticky end

66
Q

What is the term used to describe a cut DNA strand that has no overhang/free flappy end?

A

Blunt end

67
Q

Definition:
All of the genes in an organism

A

Genome

68
Q

Definition:
An order or sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that contain all the genetic information to make a functional protein or RNA product

A

Gene

69
Q

Definition:
Different versions of the same sequence, gene, or locus

A

Allele

70
Q

Definition:
Genetic DNA composition of an organism

A

Genotype

71
Q

Definition:
Physical appearance of an organism

A

Phenotype

72
Q

Definition:
Defined site or location of a gene on a chromosome

A

Locus

73
Q

Function of RNA

A

Translate DNA code into proteins

74
Q

Where is RNA typically found?

A

Cytoplasm

75
Q

RNA that is found in the nucleus is in what form?

A

mRNA (messenger)

76
Q

How is RNA made?

A

Transcribed from DNA

77
Q

What is the pentose sugar for RNA?

A

Ribose

78
Q

What nitrogenous base is different in RNA when compared to DNA?

A

Uracil instead of Thymine

79
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
RNA is more stable than DNA

A

False

80
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

-mRNA (messenger)
-rRNA (ribosomal)
-tRNA (transfer)

81
Q

Which type of RNA carries information from DNA to the ribosomes?

A

mRNA

82
Q

Which type of RNA makes up part of the machinery used to make the proteins?

A

rRNA

83
Q

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying individual amino acids to the ribosome where they are joined by peptide bonds to make a protein?

A

tRNA

84
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
You can always see chromosomes

A

False - only during cell division

85
Q

How does DNA normally exist in the nucleus?

A

As chromatin

86
Q

What does DNA wrap itself around to form chromosomes?

A

Histones

87
Q

What is known as “Beads on a string” or when DNA is wrapped around histones?

A

Nucleosome

88
Q

What are histones?

A

proteins

89
Q

What do nucleosomes coil up to form?

A

Chromatin

90
Q

Terminology:
-Individual’s collection of chromosomes
-Lab technique for imaging chromosomes
-Allows us to look for abnormalities

A

Karyotype

91
Q

A nucleosome is formed between DNA and how many histone proteins subunits?

A

8

92
Q

What is the length of DNA in the nucleus of each cell?

A

6 feet

93
Q

Enzyme that joins DNA fragments together by reforming the sugar-phosphate bonds of DNA

A

Ligase

MLT-MLS Spring 2023 (25 decks)

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