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MLT-MLS Spring 2023 > ABO Blood Groups > Flashcards

ABO Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

Most important blood group system

A

ABO

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2
Q

Only blood group system in which individuals already have antibodies in plasma to antigens that are absent from red cells without prior exposure

A

ABO blood group system

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3
Q

What are the 4 major phenotypes of the ABO blood group system?

A

A
B
AB
O

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4
Q

What controls the major phenotypes of the ABO blood group system?

A

2 co-dominant genes on chromosome 9

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5
Q

What is Group O considered?

A

An amorph

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6
Q

Group B will build what antibodies?

A

anti-A

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7
Q

Group A will build what antibodies?

A

Anti-B

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8
Q

Group AB will build what antibodies?

A

None

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9
Q

Group O will build what antibodies?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

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10
Q

What are 2 ways to be exposed to IgG antibodies?

A

-Through pregnancy (female)
-Previous transfusion

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11
Q

Major glycoprotein of the red cell membrane

A

Glycophorin

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12
Q

Glycophorin accounts for most of the ________ _______ that gives cells the negative charge

A

Sialic acid

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13
Q

What are the ABO sugars added to what on the cell membrane?

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

When are ABO antigens detectable ?

A

As early as 5 weeks in utero

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15
Q

Full expression of ABO antigens occurs at what age?

A

2-4 years

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16
Q

Most common ABO blood type

A

O

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17
Q

Rarest ABO blood type

A

AB

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18
Q

Possible genotypes for Group A phenotype

A

AA or AO

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19
Q

Possible genotypes for Group B phenotype

A

BB or BO

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20
Q

Possible genotype for Group AB phenotype

A

AB

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21
Q

Possible genotype for Group O phenotype

A

OO

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22
Q

What are the formations of A and B antigens is dependent on?

A

H antigen

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23
Q

What antigens are transferases?

A

ABH

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24
Q

Definition:
Transfer a certain carbohydrate to a glycolipid precursor on the RBC membrane

A

Transferases

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25
What does the H gene produce?
L-fucose
26
Carbohydrate that extends off the RBC membrane and is composed of various sugars
Oligosaccharide chain
27
Type 1 oligosaccharide chains are found where?
Body fluids and secretions
28
Type 2 oligosaccharide chains are found where?
Red blood cells, body fluids, and secretions
29
H gene produces a transferase that transfers what to this substrate on the membrane?
Fucose
30
H antigen transferase name
L-Fucosyltransferase
31
H gene immunodominant sugar
L-Fucose
32
A patient that doesn't have the H antigen (genotype hh) is known as having what phenotype?
Bombay phenotype
33
A antigen transferase
N-Acetylgalactosominyltransferase
34
Group A antigen immunodominant sugar
N-Acetylgalactosamine
35
B antigen transferase
D-Galactosyltransferase
36
B antigen immunodominant sugar
D-Galactose
37
Which ABO blood type has the greatest amount of H antigen?
Group O
38
H antigen concentrations in ABO phenotypes: Put in order - A1, B, A1B, A2, A2B, O
O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B
39
Another name for ABO antibodies
Isoagglutinins
40
TRUE or FALSE: ABO antibodies are always clinically significant
TRUE
41
At what age are ABO antibodies produced?
3-6 months
42
A,B is of what antibody classification?
IgG
43
What % of Group A people are of subgroup A1?
80%
44
What % of Group A people are of subgroup A2?
20%
45
Is subgroup A2 more efficient or less efficient at converting H to A?
Less efficient
46
What % of people who are A2 produce an anti-A that reacts with A1 cells but not A2 cells?
1-8%
47
A1 has what type of molecular structures?
Linear and branched
48
A2 has what type of molecular structures?
Linear
49
Which A subgroup demonstrates mixed field agglutination?
A3
50
Where antigens are located
On the red cells
51
Where antibodies are located
In the serum/plasma
52
What is known and unknown in the forward typing?
Known: antibody Unknown: antigen
53
Reagents used in the forward typing
Commercial anti-sera -Anti-A -Anti-B -Anti-A,B Patient's red cells
54
What is a positive forward type reaction?
Agglutination - means the antigen is present
55
What is known and unknown in the reverse typing?
Unknown: antibody Known: antigen
56
Reagents used in back/reverse typing
-Commercial A and B red cells -Patient's serum
57
TRUE or FALSE: If a patient specimen reacts with commercial B cells their blood type is considered Group B
FALSE - patient has antibodies to the B antigen meaning they are either Group A or Group O
58
What blood type could a patient be if their specimen agglutinates with commercial A cells?
Group O or Group B
59
Antibodies present if patient is Group A
Anti-B
60
Antibodies present if patient is Group B
Anti-A
61
Antibodies present if patient is Group O
Anti-A and Anti-B
62
Antibodies present if patient is Group AB
No antibodies
63
If a patient has A antigens, what is their blood type?
Group A
64
If a patient has A and B antigens, what is their blood type?
Group AB
65
If a patient has no antigens, what is their blood type?
Group O
66
Grading agglutination: One solid aggregate of red cells
4+
67
Grading agglutination: Several large aggregates
3+
68
Grading agglutination: Medium-size aggregates, clear background
2+
69
Grading agglutination: Small aggregates; turbid, reddish background
1+
70
Grading agglutination: Tiny aggregates; turbid, reddish background
W+
71
Grading agglutination: Microscopic aggregates only
Circled + sign
72
Grading agglutination: Negative or no aggregates
= or 0
73
Antibody-like substance derived from the extract of a plant seed
A1 Lectin
74
What plant is A1 Lectin derived from?
Dolichos biflorus
75
If you do a forward typing and use A1 Lectin, what must you also use in the reverse typing?
A2 red cells
76
What blood group would have this reaction?
Group A1
77
What blood group would have this reaction?
Group B
78
What blood group would have this reaction?
Group A1B
79
What blood group would have this reaction?
Group O
80
What blood group would have this reaction?
Group A2
81
What blood group would have this reaction?
Group A2B

MLT-MLS Spring 2023 (25 decks)

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