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MLT-MLS Spring 2023 > ABO Blood Groups > Flashcards

ABO Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

Most important blood group system

A

ABO

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2
Q

Only blood group system in which individuals already have antibodies in plasma to antigens that are absent from red cells without prior exposure

A

ABO blood group system

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3
Q

What are the 4 major phenotypes of the ABO blood group system?

A

A
B
AB
O

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4
Q

What controls the major phenotypes of the ABO blood group system?

A

2 co-dominant genes on chromosome 9

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5
Q

What is Group O considered?

A

An amorph

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6
Q

Group B will build what antibodies?

A

anti-A

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7
Q

Group A will build what antibodies?

A

Anti-B

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8
Q

Group AB will build what antibodies?

A

None

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9
Q

Group O will build what antibodies?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

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10
Q

What are 2 ways to be exposed to IgG antibodies?

A

-Through pregnancy (female)
-Previous transfusion

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11
Q

Major glycoprotein of the red cell membrane

A

Glycophorin

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12
Q

Glycophorin accounts for most of the ________ _______ that gives cells the negative charge

A

Sialic acid

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13
Q

What are the ABO sugars added to what on the cell membrane?

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

When are ABO antigens detectable ?

A

As early as 5 weeks in utero

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15
Q

Full expression of ABO antigens occurs at what age?

A

2-4 years

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16
Q

Most common ABO blood type

A

O

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17
Q

Rarest ABO blood type

A

AB

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18
Q

Possible genotypes for Group A phenotype

A

AA or AO

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19
Q

Possible genotypes for Group B phenotype

A

BB or BO

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20
Q

Possible genotype for Group AB phenotype

A

AB

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21
Q

Possible genotype for Group O phenotype

A

OO

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22
Q

What are the formations of A and B antigens is dependent on?

A

H antigen

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23
Q

What antigens are transferases?

A

ABH

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24
Q

Definition:
Transfer a certain carbohydrate to a glycolipid precursor on the RBC membrane

A

Transferases

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25
Q

What does the H gene produce?

A

L-fucose

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26
Q

Carbohydrate that extends off the RBC membrane and is composed of various sugars

A

Oligosaccharide chain

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27
Q

Type 1 oligosaccharide chains are found where?

A

Body fluids and secretions

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28
Q

Type 2 oligosaccharide chains are found where?

A

Red blood cells, body fluids, and secretions

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29
Q

H gene produces a transferase that transfers what to this substrate on the membrane?

A

Fucose

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30
Q

H antigen transferase name

A

L-Fucosyltransferase

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31
Q

H gene immunodominant sugar

A

L-Fucose

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32
Q

A patient that doesn’t have the H antigen (genotype hh) is known as having what phenotype?

A

Bombay phenotype

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33
Q

A antigen transferase

A

N-Acetylgalactosominyltransferase

34
Q

Group A antigen immunodominant sugar

A

N-Acetylgalactosamine

35
Q

B antigen transferase

A

D-Galactosyltransferase

36
Q

B antigen immunodominant sugar

A

D-Galactose

37
Q

Which ABO blood type has the greatest amount of H antigen?

A

Group O

38
Q

H antigen concentrations in ABO phenotypes:
Put in order - A1, B, A1B, A2, A2B, O

A

O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B

39
Q

Another name for ABO antibodies

A

Isoagglutinins

40
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
ABO antibodies are always clinically significant

A

TRUE

41
Q

At what age are ABO antibodies produced?

A

3-6 months

42
Q

A,B is of what antibody classification?

A

IgG

43
Q

What % of Group A people are of subgroup A1?

A

80%

44
Q

What % of Group A people are of subgroup A2?

A

20%

45
Q

Is subgroup A2 more efficient or less efficient at converting H to A?

A

Less efficient

46
Q

What % of people who are A2 produce an anti-A that reacts with A1 cells but not A2 cells?

A

1-8%

47
Q

A1 has what type of molecular structures?

A

Linear and branched

48
Q

A2 has what type of molecular structures?

A

Linear

49
Q

Which A subgroup demonstrates mixed field agglutination?

A

A3

50
Q

Where antigens are located

A

On the red cells

51
Q

Where antibodies are located

A

In the serum/plasma

52
Q

What is known and unknown in the forward typing?

A

Known: antibody
Unknown: antigen

53
Q

Reagents used in the forward typing

A

Commercial anti-sera
-Anti-A
-Anti-B
-Anti-A,B
Patient’s red cells

54
Q

What is a positive forward type reaction?

A

Agglutination - means the antigen is present

55
Q

What is known and unknown in the reverse typing?

A

Unknown: antibody
Known: antigen

56
Q

Reagents used in back/reverse typing

A

-Commercial A and B red cells
-Patient’s serum

57
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
If a patient specimen reacts with commercial B cells their blood type is considered Group B

A

FALSE - patient has antibodies to the B antigen meaning they are either Group A or Group O

58
Q

What blood type could a patient be if their specimen agglutinates with commercial A cells?

A

Group O or Group B

59
Q

Antibodies present if patient is Group A

A

Anti-B

60
Q

Antibodies present if patient is Group B

A

Anti-A

61
Q

Antibodies present if patient is Group O

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

62
Q

Antibodies present if patient is Group AB

A

No antibodies

63
Q

If a patient has A antigens, what is their blood type?

A

Group A

64
Q

If a patient has A and B antigens, what is their blood type?

A

Group AB

65
Q

If a patient has no antigens, what is their blood type?

A

Group O

66
Q

Grading agglutination:
One solid aggregate of red cells

A

4+

67
Q

Grading agglutination:
Several large aggregates

A

3+

68
Q

Grading agglutination:
Medium-size aggregates, clear background

A

2+

69
Q

Grading agglutination:
Small aggregates; turbid, reddish background

A

1+

70
Q

Grading agglutination:
Tiny aggregates; turbid, reddish background

A

W+

71
Q

Grading agglutination:
Microscopic aggregates only

A

Circled + sign

72
Q

Grading agglutination:
Negative or no aggregates

A

= or 0

73
Q

Antibody-like substance derived from the extract of a plant seed

A

A1 Lectin

74
Q

What plant is A1 Lectin derived from?

A

Dolichos biflorus

75
Q

If you do a forward typing and use A1 Lectin, what must you also use in the reverse typing?

A

A2 red cells

76
Q

What blood group would have this reaction?

A

Group A1

77
Q

What blood group would have this reaction?

A

Group B

78
Q

What blood group would have this reaction?

A

Group A1B

79
Q

What blood group would have this reaction?

A

Group O

80
Q

What blood group would have this reaction?

A

Group A2

81
Q

What blood group would have this reaction?

A

Group A2B

MLT-MLS Spring 2023 (25 decks)

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