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Botany > Molecular & Cellular Reveiw > Flashcards

Molecular & Cellular Reveiw Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrate important in plants?

A

For energy, structure support, and storage

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2
Q

Starch fx

A

storage, then when needed can break down using amylose enzyme to make glucose (energy)

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3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

process where a certain enzyme breaks down the carbohydrate into glucose

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3
Q

How does starch break down into glucose?

A

Since starch is a disaccharide, it needs to break apart - it does this by hydrolysis

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4
Q

Cellulose fx

A

structural support of cell walls, can also be broken down by cellulase to form glucose but this isn’t the primary fx

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5
Q

How do plants make carbohydrates?

A

through photosynthesis

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6
Q

What is the process where carbohydrates get broken down into glucose called?

A

Respiration

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7
Q

Chitin

A

cell wall of fungi is made out of this, tough to digest making fungi harder to eat than grass

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8
Q

What is the cell wall of plants compared to fungi made out of?

A

Plants CW: cellulose
Fungi CW: chitin

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9
Q

What happens when plants dont have enough glucose to use as energy?

A

they will break down amino acids to glucose, but they will mainly produce glucose through photosynthesis.

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9
Q

What has to happen to chitin for it to be useable for the cell wall?

A

Chitin gets broken down by chitinase into individual molecules since its a polysaccharide

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10
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

covalently bonds amino acids together to form proteins

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11
Q

Proteins

A

chains of amino acids

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12
Q

What are the purpose of peptide bonds?

A

to form different proteins

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13
Q

Lipids in plants

A

energy reserve, mostly found in seeds

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14
Q

Importance of protein structure (primary, secondary, etc)?

A

determines proteins functions

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15
Q

What can lipids in plants be broken down into?

A

Fatty acids

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16
Q

Importance of fatty acids in plants

A

major storage form of energy

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17
Q

Two types of fatty acids

A

saturated and unsaturated

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18
Q

Importance of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids in plants?

A

they can burn into energy for the plant when there is no glucose available

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19
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds = tightly packed = solid fats in seeds
ex: sesame seed oil, pumpkin seed oil

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20
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

double bonds = spread out producing twists in the chain = liquid fats like oils, plants don’t store a lot of this

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21
Q

Subrin

A

rubber, waxy material, found in bark/roots to keep water in

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22
Q

Quitin

A

surface wax, found outside cell membrane, apples/leaves

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23
Q

Lignin

A

a hardening agent, typically found in wood/bark, used like filling/calcking gaps and hardens to protect modified carbohydrate, used for structure and support

24
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of energy

25
Q

two laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. energy cannot be created/destroyed but it can change forms and give off energy (waste) as heat
  2. Entropy is always increasing overall in the universe (disorder)
    -vital in production of ATP
26
Q

Joseph Priestley

A

discovered oxygen
experiments with clear jars

27
Q

Joseph Priestley experiements

A

put plants inside a jar, then put mice in other jar = plants survive, mouse dies

put mouse in with plant = mouse and plant survive

turn off light = both die

28
Q

What type of lipid are fatty acids?

A

triglycerides (unit of fat)

29
Q

Waxes in plants

A

on surface of ALL plants and in bark/roots
used to keep water in, NOT out

30
Q

examples of waxes in plants

A

suberin, Quinton, lignin

31
Q

symplast

A

living stuff, inside the cell

32
Q

apoplast

A

outside the cell, non living
ex: cell wall

33
Q

middle lamella

A

has pectin, line where cells come together

34
Q

pectin

A

holds cells together, contains calcium

35
Q

paired pits

A

holes in cells

36
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channel between the two cells
-allows for movement

37
Q

plastids

A

main site of photosynthesis, storage, pigment synthesis
store food as starch

38
Q

what plastid is responsible for storing starch

A

leukoplastid (amyloplast)

39
Q

what plastid is where photosynthesis happens

A

chloroplast

40
Q

central vacuole

A

storage, hold water for when plant needs it
biggest structure in plant cell

41
Q

tonoplasts

A

membrane around the central vacuole, regulate movement in/out

42
Q

what is the movement of water called

A

osmosis

43
Q

turgor pressure

A

helps with structure support in non woody plants

44
Q

why is the second law of thermodynamics vital in plants?

A

2nd law: entropy is always increasing overall in the universe, this is what drives the proton gradient and therefore creating ATP

45
Q

Jan Baptist van Helmet

A

will tree experiment (1600s)
- watered tree for 5 yrs noticed it gained weight but soil still weighed the same
- proved tree mass was coming from the water not the soil (trees NOT eating soil)
- leads to early insight on photosynthesis

46
Q

Wave Particle Theory

A

1800s, shows that little things like electron and photons can act as waves or particle like

47
Q

how are energy and wavelength related and what does that mean?

A

they are inversely proportional, meaning if one increases the other decreases

48
Q

why is the relation between energy and wavelength crucial in the wave-particle theory ?

A

helps us understand the behavior of waves and how photons move in a wave pattern

49
Q

how are electrons excited in light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

by the sun, the outer e- gets hit by sunlight and gets excited

50
Q

Quantum leaping and why electrons do this?

A

electrons do this whenever they absorb or release energy bc they have to be in a certain place (aka certain step on the staircase)

51
Q

why is quantum leaping important?

A

important for atoms to absorb and emit light so we can see the world in color

52
Q

pigments in plants

A

chlorophyll A: photosynthetic pigment, membrane-bound in chloroplast
Chlorophyll B, and carotenoids (xanthophyll & carotene): accessory pigments, that absorb energy and pass it to “A”

53
Q

what are all the pigments together known as?

A

light-harvesting complex

54
Q

inductive resonance

A

process where energy is sent from pigment to pigment, ultimately to get to chlorophyll A

55
Q

structure of chlorophyll

A

phytol tail
porphyrin head - central green Mg atom, makes chlorophyll green

56
Q

Phycobilin

A

not in higher plants, use phycobilin to absorb light, usually in plants with shortage of light

57
Q

Phycoerythrin

A

absorbs blue/green, reflect red

58
Q

Phycocyanin

A

absorbs red/orange, reflects blue

59
Q
A

Botany (9 decks)

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