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Botany > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Ascomycota common name & why are they called this

A

sac fungi ; called this bc during sexual reproduction their hyphae tips form small sac-like structure that contain the sexual spores

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2
Q

example of an Ascomycota that changed the world drastically

A

penicillium

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3
Q

Alexander Flemming

A

plated bacteria and didn’t grow around this fungi spot
- very important that he saved that specific mold

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4
Q

Howard Florey

A

works on zone of inhibition, worked through WW2, while working on this dug bomb holes; if Russia attached was going to rub this fungus inside their coats and head to America and start growing spores again

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5
Q

why is penicillium said to change the world drastically and why type of fungi is it

A

ascomycota - said to solve/affect the war since our men were able to use it to heal and then go back in and fight

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6
Q

Aspergillus

A

an ascomycota; food mold; produce aflatoxins

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7
Q

aflatoxins

A

produced by aspergillus; most carcinogenic form in humans and animals

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8
Q

where are aflotoxins found

A

in corn, peanuts, tree nuts

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9
Q

how do aspergillus reproduce

A

by asexual spores - conidia

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10
Q

what are yeasts a part of and examples

A

Ascomycota; yeast infection, baking, fermentation

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11
Q

sporangi

A

general term; anything that has spores

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12
Q

conidia

A

asexual spores

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13
Q

ascospores

A

sexual spores; produced with in sac-like structure called asci

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14
Q

Basidiomycota common name

A

club fungi ; shelf fungi, mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, racket fungi, earth star

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15
Q

how do Basidiomycota reproduce

A

reproduce asexually through fragmentation; DO NOT have conidia

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16
Q

why are toadstools and mushroom not the same

A

toadstools = poison
mushroom = edible basidials

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17
Q

3 types of fruiting bodies in Ascomycota and basidiomycota

A
  1. open BLANKcarp
  2. closed BLANKcarp
  3. no BLANKcarp
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18
Q

closed fruiting body

A

bird nest fungi, puffballs - edible in an immature state, designed to be popped to distribute spores

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19
Q

no fruiting body

A

typically parasitic; rusts and smut; don’t have carp so invade structure of plant to release spores
ex: ear of corn

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20
Q

Claviceps

A

(part of asco)
a fungus that invades grains; mostly RYE

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21
Q

what can Claviceps cause

A

ergot disease which could lead to gangrenes

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22
Q

what is gangrenes

A

rotting of limbs, vasoconstriction - reduced blood flow

23
Q

why is Claviceps so bad

A

harmful to 10-1000s of people; lead to disease; poor people

24
Q

even though Claviceps is usually bad, why is it also good

A

used in headache medicine

25
Q

what are saprophobes

A

fungi like ringworm, toe fungus, athletes foot; can eat living/nonliving

26
Q

what kind of digestion does fungus have

A

external digestion (exoenzyme) - enzymes that are oozed out the threads

27
Q

what is fungus cell wall made out of

A

chitin; highly indigestible - need chitinase enzyme - tougher than plant cw (cellulose)

28
Q

haploid vs diploid fungus body

A

all bodies are haploid (1 set of chromes), become diploid ONLY when having sex (not all do this)

29
Q

mass of hyphae

A

mycelium

30
Q

hyphae

A

each branching filament that makes up the fungus mycelium

31
Q

are fungus sexual or asexual

A

ALL are asexual
SOME are sexual

32
Q

gametangia

A

reproductive organ; separate from hyphae by a septum (cross wall)

33
Q

3 ways to make gametes

A
  1. animals are oogamous - non motile egg & motile sperm
  2. isogamous - gametes are identical (can’t tell if male or female)
  3. no sperm, no egg, just nuclei - +/-
    + = no sex
    - = sex
34
Q

Albert Hoffman

A

invented LSD, LSD is made from a substance found in ergot (Claviceps fungi caused)

35
Q

racket fungi

A

reproductive structure on outside of tree - actual fungus inside tree

36
Q

Deuteromycetes common name & why are they called this

A

imperfect fungi, called this because no one has seen them having sex; so classified by looks

37
Q

Deuteromycetes sexual or asexual?

A

strictly asexual by conidiaspores, moved by fragmentation

38
Q

what does the fungi deuteromycetes cause

A

dermatophytoses
- infection of skin & nails
- ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot, toenail fungus

39
Q

mycophcophyta & why are they called this

A

lichens
myco= fungus
phyco = algae

40
Q

lichens

A

relationship between a fungus and an algae = symbiotic relationship

41
Q

2 parts of lichens

A

ascome: a fruiting body that bears asci
apothecia: the most common sexual reproduction structure of the lichen fungal partner, shaped like a disc
some have 3rd partner: basidial yeasts

42
Q

3 main forms of lichens

A
  1. crustose
  2. foliose
  3. fructiose
43
Q

where do lichens grow

A

grow on any solid/stable surface (rocks)

44
Q

lichens reproduction

A

cant have sex, have accident where algal part falls into fungal body OR asexual fragmentation - soredia

45
Q

why are lichens SO important

A

they are soil makers, beginning of forests, grow where nothing else does

46
Q

mycorhizae

A

fungi that grow in association with plant roots; form network of filaments that associate with plant roots; forests = massively connected

47
Q

2 types of mycorhizae

A
  1. ectomycorrhizae
  2. endomycorrhizae
48
Q

ECTOmycorrhizae

A

10% plant family, temperate, woody, cold, surround cells of root, DO NOT invade them, few ascos

49
Q

ENDOmycorrhizae

A

go into the root, produce hyphae inside
tropical (80% plants there)
used for agriculture (buy bags of these) - help jumpstart plants
- without these we wouldn’t have plant invasion of land

50
Q

heterocariosus

A

different nuclei in same cytoplasm
aka +/-‘s

51
Q

parasexuality

A

1/1000 infuse of nuclei produces diploid cell

52
Q

Chytrids

A

fungi, water chytrids decrease frog populations, ability to degrade

53
Q

what disease does chytrid fungus cause

A

Chytridial Mycosis

54
Q

what is Chytridial Mycosis

A

caused by chytrid fungus; disease in amphibians; disrupts normal function of their skin

Botany (9 decks)

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