Fungi Flashcards
Ascomycota common name & why are they called this
sac fungi ; called this bc during sexual reproduction their hyphae tips form small sac-like structure that contain the sexual spores
example of an Ascomycota that changed the world drastically
penicillium
Alexander Flemming
plated bacteria and didn’t grow around this fungi spot
- very important that he saved that specific mold
Howard Florey
works on zone of inhibition, worked through WW2, while working on this dug bomb holes; if Russia attached was going to rub this fungus inside their coats and head to America and start growing spores again
why is penicillium said to change the world drastically and why type of fungi is it
ascomycota - said to solve/affect the war since our men were able to use it to heal and then go back in and fight
Aspergillus
an ascomycota; food mold; produce aflatoxins
aflatoxins
produced by aspergillus; most carcinogenic form in humans and animals
where are aflotoxins found
in corn, peanuts, tree nuts
how do aspergillus reproduce
by asexual spores - conidia
what are yeasts a part of and examples
Ascomycota; yeast infection, baking, fermentation
sporangi
general term; anything that has spores
conidia
asexual spores
ascospores
sexual spores; produced with in sac-like structure called asci
Basidiomycota common name
club fungi ; shelf fungi, mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, racket fungi, earth star
how do Basidiomycota reproduce
reproduce asexually through fragmentation; DO NOT have conidia
why are toadstools and mushroom not the same
toadstools = poison
mushroom = edible basidials
3 types of fruiting bodies in Ascomycota and basidiomycota
- open BLANKcarp
- closed BLANKcarp
- no BLANKcarp
closed fruiting body
bird nest fungi, puffballs - edible in an immature state, designed to be popped to distribute spores
no fruiting body
typically parasitic; rusts and smut; don’t have carp so invade structure of plant to release spores
ex: ear of corn
Claviceps
(part of asco)
a fungus that invades grains; mostly RYE
what can Claviceps cause
ergot disease which could lead to gangrenes
what is gangrenes
rotting of limbs, vasoconstriction - reduced blood flow
why is Claviceps so bad
harmful to 10-1000s of people; lead to disease; poor people
even though Claviceps is usually bad, why is it also good
used in headache medicine
what are saprophobes
fungi like ringworm, toe fungus, athletes foot; can eat living/nonliving
what kind of digestion does fungus have
external digestion (exoenzyme) - enzymes that are oozed out the threads
what is fungus cell wall made out of
chitin; highly indigestible - need chitinase enzyme - tougher than plant cw (cellulose)
haploid vs diploid fungus body
all bodies are haploid (1 set of chromes), become diploid ONLY when having sex (not all do this)
mass of hyphae
mycelium
hyphae
each branching filament that makes up the fungus mycelium
are fungus sexual or asexual
ALL are asexual
SOME are sexual
gametangia
reproductive organ; separate from hyphae by a septum (cross wall)
3 ways to make gametes
- animals are oogamous - non motile egg & motile sperm
- isogamous - gametes are identical (can’t tell if male or female)
- no sperm, no egg, just nuclei - +/-
+ = no sex
- = sex
Albert Hoffman
invented LSD, LSD is made from a substance found in ergot (Claviceps fungi caused)
racket fungi
reproductive structure on outside of tree - actual fungus inside tree
Deuteromycetes common name & why are they called this
imperfect fungi, called this because no one has seen them having sex; so classified by looks
Deuteromycetes sexual or asexual?
strictly asexual by conidiaspores, moved by fragmentation
what does the fungi deuteromycetes cause
dermatophytoses
- infection of skin & nails
- ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot, toenail fungus
mycophcophyta & why are they called this
lichens
myco= fungus
phyco = algae
lichens
relationship between a fungus and an algae = symbiotic relationship
2 parts of lichens
ascome: a fruiting body that bears asci
apothecia: the most common sexual reproduction structure of the lichen fungal partner, shaped like a disc
some have 3rd partner: basidial yeasts
3 main forms of lichens
- crustose
- foliose
- fructiose
where do lichens grow
grow on any solid/stable surface (rocks)
lichens reproduction
cant have sex, have accident where algal part falls into fungal body OR asexual fragmentation - soredia
why are lichens SO important
they are soil makers, beginning of forests, grow where nothing else does
mycorhizae
fungi that grow in association with plant roots; form network of filaments that associate with plant roots; forests = massively connected
2 types of mycorhizae
- ectomycorrhizae
- endomycorrhizae
ECTOmycorrhizae
10% plant family, temperate, woody, cold, surround cells of root, DO NOT invade them, few ascos
ENDOmycorrhizae
go into the root, produce hyphae inside
tropical (80% plants there)
used for agriculture (buy bags of these) - help jumpstart plants
- without these we wouldn’t have plant invasion of land
heterocariosus
different nuclei in same cytoplasm
aka +/-‘s
parasexuality
1/1000 infuse of nuclei produces diploid cell
Chytrids
fungi, water chytrids decrease frog populations, ability to degrade
what disease does chytrid fungus cause
Chytridial Mycosis
what is Chytridial Mycosis
caused by chytrid fungus; disease in amphibians; disrupts normal function of their skin
