Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMMS lectures > molecular building blocks > Flashcards

molecular building blocks Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main elements of life

A

hydrogen
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

at what temperature is the maximum density of water

A

4 degrees celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the characteristics of living organisms (6)

A

made from one or more cells
capable of reproduction
respond to the environment
adapt and change
require a source of energy
growth & development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the levels of organisation of a chemical

A

atom –> molecule –> macromolecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an atom

A

the simplest level of a chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a molecule

A

two or more atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a macromolecule

A

large, complex biologically important molecules inside cells made from simple molecules such as sugars, lipids and amino acids
most are polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what functions do macromolecules have

A

osmotic
structural
optical
enzymatic
and more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the structures of macromolecules like

A

very heterogenous - not from the same source
specific conformations are associated to definite functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of macromolecules (5)

A

haemoglobin
DNA
glycogen
rhodopsin
collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are organelles

A

aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

examples of single cell life

A

bacteria
simple fungi
amoeba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can multicellular organisms do (3)

A

specialise their cells
intercellular communiation
differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of water

A

acts as a solvent
best at dissolving iconic and polar compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the polarity of water

A

the electron density is uneven
because of oxygen
so it has electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

at what temperature range is water liquid

A

0 too 100 degrees celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the bonding in water

A

hydrogen bonding
electronegative atoms eg O or N can attract H atoms from other molecules
partial sharing of this proton leads to a mutual attraction between the two atoms
not a covalent bond
weak
important in protein and DNA structures and responsible for the unusual properties of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does water not interact with

A

non-polar substances
lipids
aromatic groups
hydrophobic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the general formula for carbohydrates

A

Cn(H20)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

chain of carbons, hydroxyl groups, one carbonyl group
eg glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what structure do monosaccharides exist as
and why

A

ring structures
because the aldehyde or ketone groups react with a hydroxyl group of the same molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are amino sugars

A

they contain an amino (NH2) group
they are often acelyated
eg glucosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 4 types of sugar derivatives

A

aminosugars
alcohol sugars
phosphorylated
sulphated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

give an example of an alcohol sugar

A

sorbitol

25
Q

what are phosphorylated sugars

A

they contain phosphate groups
eg glucose 6 phosphate

26
Q

what are sulphated sugars

A

they contain sulphate groups
eg heparin, chondroitin sulphate
they can absorb a large volume of water

27
Q

how are glycosides formed

A

the hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide reacts with an OH or NH group to form a glycoside with a glycosidic bond

28
Q

what are the 2 types of glycosidic bonds

A

O - glycosidic bonds
N - glycosidic bonds

29
Q

what do O glycosidic bonds form

A

disaccarides, oligosaccarides and polysaccarides

30
Q

where are N glycosidic bonds formed

A

nucleotides and DNA

31
Q

what are oligosaccharides

A

disaccharides that contain 2 monosaccharides joined by an O glycosidic bond
they contain 3 - 12 monosaccharides
they are products of digestion of polysaccharides or part of complex lipids/proteins

32
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

they are formed by thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
eg starch & glycogen

33
Q

what is the energy storage in plants

A

starch

34
Q

what is the energy storage in animals

A

glycogen

35
Q

what are proteogylcans

A

long unbranched polysaccharides radiating from a core protein

36
Q

what makes up the ECM

A

proteoglycans and proteins such as collagen

37
Q

what are fatty acids

A

lipids
have a straight C chain (mostly 16-20) with a methyl group and a carboxyl group at the ends

38
Q

what is the trend of the melting group in fatty acids

A

decreases with degree of unsaturation (fluidity)

39
Q

what are 5 common unsaturated fatty acids

A

palmitoleic acid
oleic acid
linoleic acid
linolenic acid
arachidonic acid

40
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

contain double bonds between carbon atoms

41
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

contain no double bonds between carbon atoms

42
Q

what are phosphoacylglycerols

A

they derive from phosphatidic acid
they are formed from fatty acids esterified to glycerol and phosphorylated at C3

43
Q

what are sphinogolipids

A

they derive from ceramide (serine, palmitic acid and another fatty acid)

44
Q

what are eicosanoids

A

synthesised from fatty acids with 20 C with 3,4,5 double bonds
they have major biological functions

45
Q

what forms a nucleotide

A

nitrogenous base
sugar
phosphate

46
Q

what are nitrogenous bases

A

they have N which can take up a sugar

47
Q

what are examples of nucleotides (3)

A

nucleoside monophosphate (NMP)
nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)
nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)

48
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid

A

carbon with
carboxyl group
amino group
side chain with R groups

49
Q

what determines the charge of an amino acid

A

it is determined by all 3 components
it changes with the pH of the environment

50
Q

what determines the polarity of an amino acid

A

the side chain determines polarity (hydrophilicity) or nonpolarity (hydrophobicity)

51
Q

give 5 examples of amino acids

A

serine
glutamic acid
leucine
tyrosine
lysine

52
Q

what is the dissociation of amino acids

A

at different pH carboxyl and amino groups are ionised (charged)
some amino acids also have ionisable side chains

53
Q

what are non-polar amino acids

A

they are hydrophobic

54
Q

give 6 non polar amino acids

A

glycine
alanine
proline
valine
leucine
isoleucine

55
Q

give 5 polar amino acids

A

methionine
cysteine
glutamine
serine
threonine

56
Q

give 3 aromatic amino acids

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan

57
Q

what is a peptide bond

A

a bond between amino acids to form proteins
formed via condensation reaction which releases water

58
Q

what determines folding of a protein

A

charged interactions
flexibility
physical dimentions

59
Q

give 4 examples of protein structure-function relationship

A

immunoglobulins
fibrous proteins: collagen
enzymes
channel and carrier proteins, receptors and neurotransmitters

IMMS lectures (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions