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IMMS lectures > metabolic fuels + other dietary components > Flashcards

metabolic fuels + other dietary components Flashcards

1
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism

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2
Q

what are the 4 main ways that dietary components are metabolised in cells

A

biosynthetic
fuel storage
oxidative processes
waste disposal

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3
Q

what are the two types of metabolic processes

A

anaobolic
catabolic

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4
Q

what are anabolic processes

A

synthesise larger molecules from smaller components

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5
Q

what are catabolic processes

A

break down larger molecules into smaller ones

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6
Q

are biosynthetic processes anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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7
Q

are fuel storage processes anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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8
Q

are oxidative processes anabolic or catabolic

A

catabolic

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9
Q

are waste disposal processes anabolic or catabolic

A

either

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10
Q

what does catabolism provide energy for

A
  • for cell processes from ‘fuel’ molecules
  • for anabolism
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11
Q

what does the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins do

A

produces ATP

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12
Q

what does Krebs cycle generate

A

NADH & FADH2

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13
Q

what occurs during oxidative phosphorylation

A

energy is conserved via transfer of electrons in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

what are the 3 electron accepting co enzymes

A

NAD+ —> NADH
NADP+ —> NADPH
FAD —> FADH

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15
Q

how does the electron transport chain produce ATP

A

It oxidises NADH and FAD2H which releases energy which is used to produce ATP

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16
Q

what does the electron transport chain consist of

A

4 complexes and associated compounds like ubiquinone
the complexes include cytochromes which contain haem

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17
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

85% fat
storage of energy rich molecules

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18
Q

what occurs in liver tissue

A

glyconeogenesis and removal of toxins

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19
Q

what are the 3 main dietary energy sources

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins

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20
Q

what are 7 dietary components

A

fuels
essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals
water
xenobiotics

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21
Q

how do we use dietary energy sources

A

dietary energy source + oxygen = ATP and CO2 and H20

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22
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids esterilice to one glycerol molecule
more reduced that other energy sources
“ saturated “ with hydrogen

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23
Q

where is fat stored

A

adipose tissue
which is only 15% water

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24
Q

where are carbohydrates stored

A

as glycogen In the liver and muscles

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25
Q

where is protein stored

A

in muscle
which is 80% water

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26
Q

how much energy is released per gram of carbohydrate

A

4 kcal/g

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27
Q

how much energy is released per gram of protein

A

4 kcal/g

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28
Q

how much energy is released per gram of alocohol

A

7kcal/g

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29
Q

how much energy is released per gram of lipid

A

9 kcal/g

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30
Q

what is the primary source of ATP supplied to the body at rest and during low intensity activities

A

The oxidative system (aerobic)
It uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates

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31
Q

What is basal metabolic rate BMR

A

energy needed to stay alive at rest
It is a measure of the energy required to maintain non excercise bodily functions

32
Q

which functions are maintained by BMR (5)

A

respiration
Contraction of the heart muscle
biosynthetic processes
repairing and regenerating tissue
ion gradients across cell membranes

33
Q

what are the conditions essential for measuring BMR (6)

A

post absorptive (12 hour fast)
lying still at physical and mental rest
thermo neutral environment ( 27-29 degrees Celsius)
No tea/coffee/nicotine/alcohol in past 12 hours
No heavy physical activity on previous day
Establish steady state ( around 30 mins)

34
Q

what happens if the conditions for BMR are not met

A

we refer to resting energy expenditure (REE) or resting metabolic rate (RMR)

35
Q

effect of age on BMR

A

BMR decreases with age
because as we get older we gain fat and lose muscle

36
Q

what factors affect BMR (8)

A

age
gender
dieting / starvation
hypothyroidism
decreased muscle mass
body weight (BMI)
ambient temperature
fever / infection / chronic disease

37
Q

how does muscle mass affect BMR

A

muscle cells require more energy to maintain than fat cells so people with higher muscle to fat ratio will have higher BMR

38
Q

how does body weight affect BMR

A

BMR increases with body weight (Bm)

39
Q

effect of ambient temperature on BMR

A

low ambient temperature increases BMR

40
Q

effect of fever/ infection / chronic disease on BMR

A

they increase it

41
Q

what are the 3 equations for estimating BMR in health

A

Harris Benedict equations (1919)
Schofield equations ( 1985)
Henry equations (2005’

42
Q

how can you adjust the henry equation (3)

A
  • do it with or without height because in a
    clinical setting it can be hard to obtain height & other variables can invalidate the advantages of including height
  • can also adjust for metabolic stress
  • can adjust for activity and diet induced thermogenesis
43
Q

what are the NHS nutrition guidelines for patients who are not severely ill or injured

A

25 - 35 kcal/kg/day

44
Q

what occurs if you fast overnight

A

insulin level decreases
glycogenolysis occurs because glucose must be formed from non carbohydrate sources

45
Q

how much glucose does the brain require a day

A

about 150g

46
Q

what occurs if you starve for 2-4 days

A

insulin level decreases
cortisol level increases
lipolysis and proteolysis occur (breakdown of proteins and triglycerides via a hydrolysis reaction)

47
Q

what occurs if you starve for 2-4 days

A

insulin level decreases
cortisol level increases
lipolysis and proteolysis occur (breakdown of proteins and triglycerides via a hydrolysis reaction)

48
Q

what does gluconeogenesis use

A

lactate
amino acids - muscle, intestine & skin
glycerol - for fat breakdown

49
Q

what occurs if you starve for more than 4 days

A

liver –> ketones from fatty acids
the brain adapts tp using ketones
BMR decreases to accommodate

50
Q

define malnutrition

A

a state of nutrition with a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein or other nutrients, causing measurable adverse affects

51
Q

what is affected by malnutrition

A

tissue/body form - shape, size, composition,
body function
clinical outcome

52
Q

define refeeding

A

the potentially fatal shifts in fluids and electrolytes that may occur in malnourished patients receiving artificial refeeding
These shifts result from hormonal and metabolic changes and may cause serious clinical complications.

53
Q

what occurs in refeeding

A

the re distribution of phosphate, potassium, magnesium etc due to insulin
switch back to carbohydrates as the main fuel which requires phosphate and thiamine

54
Q

which essential nutrients can the body not synthesise

A

essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals

55
Q

what are micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts

56
Q

uses of micronutrients (4)

A

co factors in metabolism
gene expression
structural components
antioxidants

57
Q

what is the name for vitamin C

A

abcorbic acid

58
Q

what foods provide vitamin C

A

fruit and veg

59
Q

uses of vitamin C (3)

A

collagen synthesis
improve iron absorption
antioxidant

60
Q

uses of vitamin B12 (5)

A

protein synthesis
dna synthesis
regenerate folate
fatty acid synthesis
energy production

61
Q

what is the name for vitamin B1 and what does it do

A

thiamine
helps with energy production in your body

62
Q

what is the name for vitamin B2 and what does it do

A

riboflavin
helps with energy production in your body
helps your body use other B vitamins

63
Q

what is the name for vitamin B3 and what does it do

A

niacin
helps your body to use protein, fat and carbohydrate to make energy
helps enzymes work properly

64
Q

what does biotin do

A

allows your body to use protein, fat and carbohydrates from food

65
Q

what is the name for vitamin B6 and what does it do

A

pyridoxin
helps your body to make and use protein and glycogen
helps form haemoglobin which carries oxygen in your blood

66
Q

what do low levels of vitamin B12 cause

A

anameia

67
Q

what is the name for vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

68
Q

what is the name for folate and what does it do

A

folic acid
helps to produce and maintain DNA and cells
helps to make red blood cells and prevent anaemia
getting enough folic acid lowers the risk of having a baby with birth defects like spina bifida

69
Q

what does vitamin C do (4)

A
  • help prevent cel damage and reduce risk for certain cancers , heart disease and other diseases
  • collagen synthesis - helps heal cuts and wounds and keeps gums healthy
  • protects from infection by keeping immune system healthy
  • increases amount of iron body absorbs from foods
70
Q

what does vitamin A do

A
  • helps to see
  • protects from infection by keeping skin and other body parts healthy
  • promotes normal growth & development
71
Q

what do carotenoids do

A

they are not vitamins but some types can turn into vitamin a in the body
they act as antioxidants which protect your body from damage caused by free radicals

72
Q

what does vitamin d do (3)

A
  • increases amount of calcium and phosphorous your body absorbs from foods
  • deposits calcium and phosphorous in bones and teeth making them stronger
  • protects against infection by keeping immune system healthy
73
Q

what does vitamin E do

A
  • helps to maintain a healthy immune system and other body processes
  • acts as an antioxidant and protects cells from damage
74
Q

what does vitamin K do

A
  • makes proteins that cause our blood to clot when you are bleeding
  • involved in making body proteins for your blood, bones and kidneys
75
Q

what is a prudent diet

A
  • 5+ servings of fruit and veg
  • base your meals around starchy carbohydrate foods
  • no more than 5% of the energy we consume should come from sugars
  • 0.8g/kg/day protein
  • average man should have no more than 30g of saturated fat a day and women 20g
  • adults should have no more than 2.4 g of sodium per day, which is equal to 6g of salt
  • not to regularly drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week
  • avoid excess dietary supplementation
  • adequate calcium

IMMS lectures (22 decks)

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