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AP PSYCHOLOGY > MODULES 8-11 > Flashcards

MODULES 8-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell

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2
Q

Embryo

A

developing human organism from 2 weeks after second month

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3
Q

fetus

A

latin for offspring, young one: the developing organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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4
Q

Teratogens

A

Harmful agents such as certain viruses or drugs that can penetrate the placental wall

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5
Q

Rooting reflex

A

A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for a nipple

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6
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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7
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

b/c memories are organized different until 3-4 years, children don’t remember much before that, if anything.

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8
Q

Piaget

A

cognitive development: 4 stage model of development

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9
Q

Criticisms of Piaget’s 4 stage model of cognitive development

A
  1. Development is a continuous process
  2. Children express their mental abilities and operations at an earlier age than Piaget theorized
  3. formal logic is a smaller part of cognition
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10
Q

Schema

A

A set of things that are understood/accepted

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

Experiences are assimilated when they are interpreted in a way that they accommodate and fit our schema

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

When our schemas do not match a present experience, we must accommodate and adjust our schemas so that we can integrate the experience into the said schema

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13
Q

Sensorimotor

A

(Birth to two years) Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, grasping)

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14
Q

Phenomena of sensorimotor stage of development

A

object permanence and stranger anxiety

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15
Q

Preoperational

A

(2-6/7 years) Representing things w/ words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning

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16
Q

Phenoma of preoperational stage of development

A

Pretend play, egocentrism, language development

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17
Q

Concrete operational

A

(7-11 years) Thinking logically about concrete events (water in a beaker); grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

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18
Q

Phenomena of concrete operational stage of development

A

Conversation, mathematical transformations

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19
Q

Formal operational

A

(12 to adulthood) Abstract reasoning

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20
Q

Phenomena of formal operational stage of development

A

Abstract logic, potential for mature and moral reasoning

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21
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Newly emerging ability in children up to two years of age to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possible threatening, which helps protect them

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22
Q

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

A

FAS, characterized by a small head, life long brain abnormalities, and is the leading cause of mental retardation

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23
Q

Lewis Thomas

A

Test tube baby, 1978

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24
Q

Differentiate cells

A

Specialize in structure and function; still unknown how they know what to become and how that is communicated

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25
Q

Habituation

A

Growing bored w/ familiar stimuli

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26
Q

Puberty

A

Takes place in the hypothalamus; the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

27
Q

Primary sexual characteristics

A

Structures that make sexual reproduction possible (ovaries, testes, external genetalia)

28
Q

Seconday sexual characteristics

A

Non reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair

29
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual cycle

30
Q

Formal operations

A

Adolescent’s ability to reason hypothetically and deduce consequences; enables them to detect inconsistencies in reasoning of others and to spot hypocrisy

31
Q

Moral thinking

A

The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

32
Q

Preconventional morality

A

Obeying either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards

33
Q

Conventional morality

A

Upholds social rules simply because they are the laws and rules

34
Q

Postconventional morality

A

Follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles

35
Q

Social intuitist

A

Moral emotions precede moral reasoning

36
Q

Kohlberg’s moral ladder

A

Preconventional morality (before 9), Conventional morality (early adolescence), and postconventional morality

37
Q

Types of parenting styles

A

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative

38
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

Parents impose rules and expect obedience

39
Q

Permissive

A

Parents submit to the children’s demands

40
Q

Authoritative

A

Parents are demanding, but responsive to their children

41
Q

Neglectful parents

A

Provide neither warmth nor control

42
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Eight stages of psychosocial development

43
Q

Adolescence

A

Life between childhood and adulthood

44
Q

Brain development

A

Until puberty, neurons increase connections. At puberty, these connections are pruned and unused neural connections are lost to make other pathways more efficient

45
Q

Frontal cortex during adolescence

A

Neurons in frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction .

Frontal cortex lags behind limbic system’s development: may explain occasional teen impulsiveness

Frontal lobe balances the limbic system

46
Q

Critical period

A

period where a skill HAS to be developed

47
Q

Conception

A

The ovary releases an egg, sperm race toward it, whichever one gets in wins the race

48
Q

Sperm and egg production

A

Occurs all throughout life, decreases with age

49
Q

Newborn reflexes

A

Rooting and stuff

50
Q

Harlow’s studies of monkeys showed…

A

Attachment isn’t exclusive to nourishment and comfort. Babies need comfort and security more than nourishment

51
Q

Attachment occurs with…

A

Familiarity

52
Q

Cognition

A

All mental activities associated with thinking, remembering

53
Q

Conservation

A

Same amount of a thing remains when it is put into another container or made into another shape
Piaget believed that preschoolers haven’t developed this

54
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ability to understand the perspective of another person

55
Q

Deficient communication and social interaction, impaired theory of mind: al of these are evidence of…

A

Autism

56
Q

Critical period

A

The period in which attachment occurs

57
Q

Imprinting

A

(Of a young animal) come to recognize another animal, person, or thing as a parent or other object of habitual trust

58
Q

Social clock

A

when society deems you should achieve milestones like retirement, first child, marriage, etc.

59
Q

longitudinal study

A

Get people from a variety of ages, and study them over time

Not time efficient, people don’t want to be a part of a lifetime study

60
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

EX: 1000 30 yr olds, 1000 70 yr. olds, test to see a difference

faster, easier, more efficient but is like studying apples and oranges

61
Q

fluid intelligence

A

adaptability

62
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge, wisdom

63
Q

Prospective intelligence

A

ability to remember to do things in the future

64
Q

Stages of psychosocial development

A
  1. trust v. mistrust
  2. autonomy v. shame/doubt
  3. Initiative v. guilt
  4. compotence v. inferiority
  5. identity v. role confusion
  6. intimacy v. isolation
  7. Generativity v. stagnation
  8. integrity v. despair

AP PSYCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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