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AP PSYCHOLOGY > MODULES 8-11 > Flashcards

MODULES 8-11 Flashcards

1
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell

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2
Q

Embryo

A

developing human organism from 2 weeks after second month

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3
Q

fetus

A

latin for offspring, young one: the developing organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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4
Q

Teratogens

A

Harmful agents such as certain viruses or drugs that can penetrate the placental wall

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5
Q

Rooting reflex

A

A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for a nipple

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6
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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7
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

b/c memories are organized different until 3-4 years, children don’t remember much before that, if anything.

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8
Q

Piaget

A

cognitive development: 4 stage model of development

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9
Q

Criticisms of Piaget’s 4 stage model of cognitive development

A
  1. Development is a continuous process
  2. Children express their mental abilities and operations at an earlier age than Piaget theorized
  3. formal logic is a smaller part of cognition
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10
Q

Schema

A

A set of things that are understood/accepted

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

Experiences are assimilated when they are interpreted in a way that they accommodate and fit our schema

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

When our schemas do not match a present experience, we must accommodate and adjust our schemas so that we can integrate the experience into the said schema

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13
Q

Sensorimotor

A

(Birth to two years) Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, grasping)

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14
Q

Phenomena of sensorimotor stage of development

A

object permanence and stranger anxiety

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15
Q

Preoperational

A

(2-6/7 years) Representing things w/ words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning

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16
Q

Phenoma of preoperational stage of development

A

Pretend play, egocentrism, language development

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17
Q

Concrete operational

A

(7-11 years) Thinking logically about concrete events (water in a beaker); grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

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18
Q

Phenomena of concrete operational stage of development

A

Conversation, mathematical transformations

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19
Q

Formal operational

A

(12 to adulthood) Abstract reasoning

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20
Q

Phenomena of formal operational stage of development

A

Abstract logic, potential for mature and moral reasoning

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21
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Newly emerging ability in children up to two years of age to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possible threatening, which helps protect them

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22
Q

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

A

FAS, characterized by a small head, life long brain abnormalities, and is the leading cause of mental retardation

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23
Q

Lewis Thomas

A

Test tube baby, 1978

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24
Q

Differentiate cells

A

Specialize in structure and function; still unknown how they know what to become and how that is communicated

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25
Habituation
Growing bored w/ familiar stimuli
26
Puberty
Takes place in the hypothalamus; the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
27
Primary sexual characteristics
Structures that make sexual reproduction possible (ovaries, testes, external genetalia)
28
Seconday sexual characteristics
Non reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair
29
Menarche
First menstrual cycle
30
Formal operations
Adolescent's ability to reason hypothetically and deduce consequences; enables them to detect inconsistencies in reasoning of others and to spot hypocrisy
31
Moral thinking
The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong
32
Preconventional morality
Obeying either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards
33
Conventional morality
Upholds social rules simply because they are the laws and rules
34
Postconventional morality
Follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles
35
Social intuitist
Moral emotions precede moral reasoning
36
Kohlberg's moral ladder
Preconventional morality (before 9), Conventional morality (early adolescence), and postconventional morality
37
Types of parenting styles
Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative
38
Authoritarian parenting
Parents impose rules and expect obedience
39
Permissive
Parents submit to the children's demands
40
Authoritative
Parents are demanding, but responsive to their children
41
Neglectful parents
Provide neither warmth nor control
42
Erik Erikson
Eight stages of psychosocial development
43
Adolescence
Life between childhood and adulthood
44
Brain development
Until puberty, neurons increase connections. At puberty, these connections are pruned and unused neural connections are lost to make other pathways more efficient
45
Frontal cortex during adolescence
Neurons in frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction . Frontal cortex lags behind limbic system's development: may explain occasional teen impulsiveness Frontal lobe balances the limbic system
46
Critical period
period where a skill HAS to be developed
47
Conception
The ovary releases an egg, sperm race toward it, whichever one gets in wins the race
48
Sperm and egg production
Occurs all throughout life, decreases with age
49
Newborn reflexes
Rooting and stuff
50
Harlow's studies of monkeys showed...
Attachment isn't exclusive to nourishment and comfort. Babies need comfort and security more than nourishment
51
Attachment occurs with...
Familiarity
52
Cognition
All mental activities associated with thinking, remembering
53
Conservation
Same amount of a thing remains when it is put into another container or made into another shape Piaget believed that preschoolers haven't developed this
54
Theory of mind
Ability to understand the perspective of another person
55
Deficient communication and social interaction, impaired theory of mind: al of these are evidence of...
Autism
56
Critical period
The period in which attachment occurs
57
Imprinting
(Of a young animal) come to recognize another animal, person, or thing as a parent or other object of habitual trust
58
Social clock
when society deems you should achieve milestones like retirement, first child, marriage, etc.
59
longitudinal study
Get people from a variety of ages, and study them over time Not time efficient, people don't want to be a part of a lifetime study
60
Cross-sectional study
EX: 1000 30 yr olds, 1000 70 yr. olds, test to see a difference faster, easier, more efficient but is like studying apples and oranges
61
fluid intelligence
adaptability
62
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge, wisdom
63
Prospective intelligence
ability to remember to do things in the future
64
Stages of psychosocial development
1. trust v. mistrust 2. autonomy v. shame/doubt 3. Initiative v. guilt 4. compotence v. inferiority 5. identity v. role confusion 6. intimacy v. isolation 7. Generativity v. stagnation 8. integrity v. despair

AP PSYCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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