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AP PSYCHOLOGY > MODULES 21 - 23 > Flashcards

MODULES 21 - 23 Flashcards

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0
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

First to study classical conditioning

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1
Q

Passive learning

A

Part of classical conditioning: automatic, learner doesn’t have to do much for an effect to take place.

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2
Q

Unconditional relationship

A

A relationship that does not have to be learned

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3
Q

Unconditional stimulus

A

Something that elicits and natural, reflexive response

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4
Q

Unconditional response

A

Response to the US

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5
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Something that itself elicits no response, but can elicit a response when exposed along with an US multiple times

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

What occurs when the brain links together the neutral stimulus and the U.S.

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7
Q

Baby Albert study

A

“Can fear be learned?” Baby Albert is conditioned to become afraid of rats.

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8
Q

First order conditioning

A

Bell + meat = salivation Bell = salivation

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9
Q

Second order conditioning

A

Light + bell = salivation Light = salivation

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10
Q

Operant conditioning

A

The learner is NOT passive; learning based on consequence

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11
Q

Law of effect

A

Behavior that is rewarded is likely to reoccur

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12
Q

Types of reinforcers

A

Negative and positive

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13
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Operant conditioning: Skinner box (the thing with the rat)

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14
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The removal of something unpleasant

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15
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Addition of something pleasant

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16
Q

Punishment

A

Meant to decrease a behavior; removing something that is pleasant; NOT negative reinforcement

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17
Q

Positive punishment

A

Addition of something unpleasant

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18
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removal of something pleasant

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19
Q

Associative behaviors

A

Associating stimuli to produce a response

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20
Q

Response behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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21
Q

Operant behavior

A

Involved in classical conditioning process > behavior operates on the environment to produce rewarding/punishing stimuli

22
Q

Associative behaviors/learning

A

Learning in which a response is associated with a certain stimulus.

23
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

24
Q

Operant behavior

A

Involved in the classical conditioning process > Behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding/punishing stimuli.

25
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

Law of effect; worked with Skinner

26
Q

Operant Chamber

A

Designed by B.F. Skinner to test Thorndike’s Law of Effect and Operant Contitioning in rats.

27
Q

Shaping

A

Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

28
Q

Punishment must be…

A

…relatively swift, consistent, explained, and appropriate.

29
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Reinforcers that are themselves rewarding. I.E., food, warmth, affection, water

30
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Things that we have learned to value. I.E., Money (a generalized reinforcer: can be traded for nearly everything) fashion, high end food, etc.

31
Q

Token economy

A

Something valuless that is given value: token used whenever a behavior is performed. This is used in mental institutions, schools, prisons

32
Q

Premack principle

A

One has to take into consideration the reinforcers used and whether or not they are wanted. I.E., A cheeseburger would not be enticing to a Vegan, so it is not a good reinforcer. A toy is a good reinforcer for a child.

33
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

Continuous and partial

34
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcing a behavior every time it is exhibited, usually done when subject is learning to make the association. ***Acquisition comes fast, but so does extinction. Think of a soda machine.***

35
Q

Partial reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcing a behavior only some of the time that it is exhibited. ***Acquisition comes slowly, but is more resistant to extinction.***

36
Q

4 types of partial reinforcement

A
  1. Fixed ratio
  2. Variable ratio
  3. Fixed interval
  4. Variable interval
37
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Reinforces a response after a SPECIFICED number of times an action is performed.

38
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. I.E., GAMBLING!

39
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.

40
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

Reinforces a response at unpredictable intervals

41
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Can’t find solution, doesn’t get reinforcement = quits

42
Q

Learned laziness

A

“Why should I bother?” - Reinforcement w/o work

“I’m going to get what I want regardless.”

Sees no point in reinforcement, goes back to premack principle.

43
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning from observation and experience, no need for reinforcement.

44
Q

Albert Bandura

A

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY – learn through modelling behavior of others; observational learning + operant conditioning. ***BOBO DOLL***

45
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons in the brain theorized to activate during observational learning.

46
Q

Imitation mindset

A

Learning by observation comes early in life

47
Q

BoBo Doll study (1961)

A

Children saw adults beat up the BoBo doll. This study indicated that individuals (specifically children) learn through others who receive reward and punishment.

When the adults were scolded for beating the doll, the children were less likely to beat the BoBo doll.

When the adults were rewarded for beating the doll, the children were more likely to be aggressive toward the BoBo doll.

***JUST SEEING SOMETHING CAUSES AN EFFECT: THINK TO CHILDREN + VIOLENT GAMES/TV***

48
Q

Applications of observational learning

A

Antisocial models = antisocial effects

Prosocial models = prosocial effects

49
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

50
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards OR threat of punishment

51
Q
A
52
Q
A

AP PSYCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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