MODULES 25 - 27

Question 1

Flashbulb memory

Answer 1

A unique and highly emotional moment that can give rise to clear, strong, and persistent memory; not free from error.

Question 2

Stages of memory

Answer 2

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 3

Types of encoding

Answer 3

Automatic and effortful

Question 4

Automatic memory encoding

Answer 4

Unconscious encoding, how we encode space, time, and and words

Question 5

Effortful memory encoding

Answer 5

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 6

Next in line effect

Answer 6

We seldom remember what the person next to us has said if we are next

Question 7

Three stage model of memory

Answer 7

1. Sensory
2. Short term
3. Long term

Question 8

Problems with the three stage model of memory

Answer 8

1. Some memories skip the sensory and short term processing stage
2. we select information that is important to us
3. Nature of short term memory is complex

Question 9

Spacing effect

Answer 9

Effect in which information is retained better when studied over time.

Question 10

Serial position effect

Answer 10

When shown a list of things, people often remember the first and the last, but none in the middle.

Question 11

Primacy effect

Answer 11

Instinct to remember first thing that occurs

Question 12

Recency effect

Answer 12

Instinct to remember the last thing that occurs

Question 13

What kind of encoding is the most effective?

Answer 13

Semantic (encoding of meaning, including meaning of words)

Question 14

What kind of encoding is the least effective?

Answer 14

Visual (Encoding of visual images.)

Acoustic falls in between visual and semantic.

Question 15

Mnemonics

Answer 15

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 16

Link method

Answer 16

Take something you’re trying to learn and link it to something you know.

Question 17

Method of Loci

Answer 17

Place what you have to remember in places you are familiar with.

Question 18

Chuncking

Answer 18

Information that is chuncked together is better remembered.

Question 19

Hierarchies

Answer 19

Clustered information: information that is divided and subdivided into narrower and narrower concepts.

Question 20

Recall

Answer 20

Bringing up a thought or item learned previously

Question 21

Recognition

Answer 21

familiarity based off of past exposure

Question 22

Relearning

Answer 22

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time

Question 23

Retrieval cues

Answer 23

Things that help us associate other things with a certain memory; mnemonic devices

Question 24

Priming

Answer 24

The awakening of associations: retrieving a memory from the web of associations by activating one of the strands that leads to it

Question 25

Déjà vu

Answer 25

Eerie sense that something has happened before

Question 26

State dependent memory

Answer 26

What we learn in one state is recalled best in that state

Question 27

Mood congruent memories

Answer 27

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood and the mood they had while forming that memory

Question 28

Repetition priming

Answer 28

Easier to recognize face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word: theory behind the spacing effect

Question 29

Semantic priming

Answer 29

Easier to recognize a face or word if you have just seen that face or word closely associated with the initial face or word

Question 30

What role does encoding failure play in forgetting

Answer 30

We cannot remember what we fail to encode because the information has never entered the long term memory.

Question 31

Storage decay

Answer 31

Memory that was encoded, stored, but decayed over time.

Question 32

Proactive interference

Answer 32

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information: when you remember your old Email password while trying to log in with the new one you just created yesterday.

Question 33

Retroactive interference

Answer 33

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info: when mrs. Kacko would speak to you in French or Spanish when she had taught you Latin

Question 34

Encoding failure

Answer 34

You don’t remember what you don’t encode

Question 35

Ebbinghaus

Answer 35

Forgetting curve: Majority of what we learn we forget, but what we still remember after the curve has stabilized is likely to be remembered for a long time.

Question 36

Retrieval failure

Answer 36

Although the information is retained in the memory, it cannot be accessed

Question 37

Interference

Answer 37

Learning some information may disrupt the retrieval of other information

Question 38

Motivated forgetting*

Answer 38

People unknowingly revise their memories

Question 39

Repression*

Answer 39

Defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing feelings, thoughts, and memories from the consciousness.

Question 40

Memory construction

Answer 40

While tapping into out memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of info to make our recall more coherent

Question 41

Misinformation effect

Answer 41

Incorporating misleading information into one memory of an event

Question 42

Source amnesia

Answer 42

Attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard, read, imagined

Question 43

False memory syndrome

Answer 43

A condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience sometimes induced by well meaning therapists

Question 44

Cerebellum

Answer 44

Responsible for non-verbal learning and memory, time perception, modulating emotion, and controls movement; part of the “old brain”

Question 45

Hippocampus

Answer 45

Central to learning and memory. If damaged, the formation and retention of new facts and memories is hindered or prevented all together

Question 46

Explicit memory

Answer 46

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare: requires conscious and effortfull work

Question 47

Implicit memory

Answer 47

Retention independent of conscious recollection like how to talk and eat and breathe; automatic and non-conscious

Question 48

Loftus and Palmer

Answer 48

When asked to describe a video of a car crash, those who were asked how fast the car SMASHED into the other said the mph was higher than those were asked how fast the cars were going when they simply HIT each other.