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AP PSYCHOLOGY > MODULES 12 - 15 > Flashcards

MODULES 12 - 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

Selecting, organizing, and interpreting our sensations; affected by the biology of our sensory system

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3
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Begins with sense receptors: we detect lines, angles, colors, etc. that form a thing

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

Drawing from our experience(s) and expectations; guided by higher level mental processes

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimuli

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6
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli HALF the time

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7
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Predicts when we will detect weak signals; measured as our ratio of “hits” to “false alarms”

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8
Q

Subliminal

A

Below the threshold of detection

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9
Q

Prime

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

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10
Q

Weber’s law

A

The principle that to be perceived as significantly different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount.

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

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12
Q

Selective attention

A

At any moment, our awareness focuses on only a limited aspect of all that we experience.

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13
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

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14
Q

Change blindness

A

If something isn’t expected to change, then you’re likely to miss and/or not notice that difference.

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15
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which our sensory systems encode stimulus energy as neural messages.

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16
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next.

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17
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.

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18
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light or soundwave, which we perceive as brightness of loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude.

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19
Q

Pupil

A

Small, adjustable opening.

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20
Q

Iris

A

What regulates light input.

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21
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images around the retina.

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22
Q

Accomodation

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far from objects on the retina.

23
Q

Retina

A

The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor robs and cones plus layers or neurons that begin the processing of neural information.

24
Q

Acuity

A

Sharpness of vision.

25
Nearsightedness
A condition in which NEARBY objects are seen more clearly than objects far away.
26
Farsightedness
A condition in which objects FAR AWAY are seen more closely than those seen (or not) nearby.
27
Rods
Detect BLACK, WHITE, AND GRAY. Needed for peripheral and twilight vision when the CONES don't respond.
28
Cones
Concentrated near the center of the retina and function best in daylit or well lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
29
Optic nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
30
Fovea
Central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's CONES cluster.
31
Parallel processing
Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously.
32
Young-helmholtz trichomatic theory
The retina has three different color receptors: blue, green, and red. Stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.
33
Opponent process theory
Opposing retinal processes (RG, YB, WB) enable color vision.
34
Color constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object.
35
Audition
The sense or act of hearing.
36
Frequency
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.
37
Pitch
A tone's experienced highness of lowness; depends on frequency.
38
Middle-ear
Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum in the cochlea's oval window.
39
Cochlea
A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger nerve impulses.
40
Inner ear
The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semi-circular canals, and vestibular sacs.
41
Place theory
The theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.
42
Frequencey theory
The theory that the rate of nerve impulses of the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense a pitch.
43
Conduction hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the Cochlea.
44
Sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the Cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves.
45
Cochlear implant
A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through the electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
46
What is touch?
Mix of pressure, warmth, cold, and/or pain.
47
Sensory interaction
The principle that a sense may influence another, just as a sense of smell influences the taste of a food.
48
What is smell?
Chemical sense: we smell something when molecules of a substance carried into the air reaches a cluster of 5 million receptor cells at the top of the naval cavity.
49
Kinesthesis
The system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts.
50
Vestibular sense
The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.
51
Bipolar cells
What activate the ganglion cells
52
Ganglion cells
Receives visual information from Bipolar cells
53
Blind spot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blindspot because of the lack of receptor cells.

AP PSYCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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