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AP PSYCHOLOGY > MODULES 12 - 15 > Flashcards

MODULES 12 - 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

Selecting, organizing, and interpreting our sensations; affected by the biology of our sensory system

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3
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Begins with sense receptors: we detect lines, angles, colors, etc. that form a thing

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

Drawing from our experience(s) and expectations; guided by higher level mental processes

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimuli

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6
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli HALF the time

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7
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Predicts when we will detect weak signals; measured as our ratio of “hits” to “false alarms”

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8
Q

Subliminal

A

Below the threshold of detection

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9
Q

Prime

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

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10
Q

Weber’s law

A

The principle that to be perceived as significantly different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount.

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

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12
Q

Selective attention

A

At any moment, our awareness focuses on only a limited aspect of all that we experience.

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13
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

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14
Q

Change blindness

A

If something isn’t expected to change, then you’re likely to miss and/or not notice that difference.

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15
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which our sensory systems encode stimulus energy as neural messages.

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16
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next.

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17
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.

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18
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light or soundwave, which we perceive as brightness of loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude.

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19
Q

Pupil

A

Small, adjustable opening.

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20
Q

Iris

A

What regulates light input.

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21
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images around the retina.

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22
Q

Accomodation

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far from objects on the retina.

23
Q

Retina

A

The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor robs and cones plus layers or neurons that begin the processing of neural information.

24
Q

Acuity

A

Sharpness of vision.

25
Q

Nearsightedness

A

A condition in which NEARBY objects are seen more clearly than objects far away.

26
Q

Farsightedness

A

A condition in which objects FAR AWAY are seen more closely than those seen (or not) nearby.

27
Q

Rods

A

Detect BLACK, WHITE, AND GRAY. Needed for peripheral and twilight vision when the CONES don’t respond.

28
Q

Cones

A

Concentrated near the center of the retina and function best in daylit or well lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

29
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

30
Q

Fovea

A

Central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s CONES cluster.

31
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously.

32
Q

Young-helmholtz trichomatic theory

A

The retina has three different color receptors: blue, green, and red. Stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

33
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes (RG, YB, WB) enable color vision.

34
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object.

35
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing.

36
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.

37
Q

Pitch

A

A tone’s experienced highness of lowness; depends on frequency.

38
Q

Middle-ear

A

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum in the cochlea’s oval window.

39
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger nerve impulses.

40
Q

Inner ear

A

The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semi-circular canals, and vestibular sacs.

41
Q

Place theory

A

The theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated.

42
Q

Frequencey theory

A

The theory that the rate of nerve impulses of the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense a pitch.

43
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the Cochlea.

44
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the Cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves.

45
Q

Cochlear implant

A

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through the electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

46
Q

What is touch?

A

Mix of pressure, warmth, cold, and/or pain.

47
Q

Sensory interaction

A

The principle that a sense may influence another, just as a sense of smell influences the taste of a food.

48
Q

What is smell?

A

Chemical sense: we smell something when molecules of a substance carried into the air reaches a cluster of 5 million receptor cells at the top of the naval cavity.

49
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts.

50
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.

51
Q

Bipolar cells

A

What activate the ganglion cells

52
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Receives visual information from Bipolar cells

53
Q

Blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blindspot because of the lack of receptor cells.

AP PSYCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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