Modules 6 - 9 Quizzes Flashcards
what might cause your compost pile to have a bad smell?
- too wet
- need turning
according to the Florida Administrative Code and Administrative Register Rule Chapter 62-709: Criteria for Organics and Processing and Recycling Facilities, match the definition with the appropriate term: waste that has passed through the thermophilic stage
stabilized
according to the Florida Administrative Code and Administrative Register Rule Chapter 62-709: Criteria for Organics and Processing and Recycling Facilities, match the definition with the appropriate term: plate scrapings
putrescible waste
according to the Florida Administrative Code and Administrative Register Rule Chapter 62-709: Criteria for Organics and Processing and Recycling Facilities, match the definition with the appropriate term: biological decomposition, with a few pockets of anaerobic zones within the material
composting
according to the Florida Administrative Code and Administrative Register Rule Chapter 62-709: Criteria for Organics and Processing and Recycling Facilities, match the definition with the appropriate term: biological decomposition carried out under controlled anaerobic conditions
anaerobic digestion
stabilized compost is compost that serves a beneficial use when applied to the soil. this includes:
- keeping soil temperature constant
- improving soil water holding capacity
- reduced soil erosion
true or false: soil organic matter is largely composed of unstable, actively decomposing organic components
false
true or false: changing the soil organic matter content of a soil changes the soil’s texture
false
organic matter, such as compost, is added to soil to change all of the following except: aggregation, CEC, tilth, water holding capacity, and texture
texture
temperature rises during the composting process because of
microbial respiration
NH4+ -> organic N
nitrogen uptake
organic N -> NH4+
nitrogen mineralization
NH4+ -> NO3-
nitrification
NO3- -> N2 + N2O
denitrification
The ____ charge prevents ammonium nitrogen from leaching out of the soil with excess rainfall or irrigation. In contrast, _____ nitrogen has a negative charge is not held by soil particles and so can be leached out of the soil.
- positive
- negative
identify the correct label for each number in this simplified diagram of nitrogen fixation
- legume
- nitrogen gas
- ammonium
- nodule
- rhizobium
conversion of inorganic nitrogen into organic nitrogen during organismal growth
nitrogen uptake
the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, most commonly through metabolic processes of soil microorganisms
nitrogen fixation
conversion of nitrogen from an organic to an inorganic form during decomposition
nitrogen mineralization
two step oxidation (by bacteria) of a water soluble ion of nitrogen into another water soluble ion of nitrogen
nitrification
the reduction of nitrate by soil bacteria into nitrogen gas (N2)
denitrification
movement of nitrate out of the plant root zone
leaching
harvest results in a ____ of ____ to or from the soil system
- loss
- nitrogen and phosphorous
immobilization is a ____ of ____ in the soil system
- transformation
- nitrogen and phosphorous
soil adsorption can cause a loss of plant available ____ especially when the ____ of the soil is low
- phosphorous
- pH
legumes (symbiotic N fixation) are a ____ of ____ to or from the soil system
- gain
- nitrogen only
mineralization is a ___ of ____ in the soil system
- transformation
- nitrogen and phosphorous
denitrification is ____ of ____ to or from the soil system
- loss
- nitrogen only
most of the water required by a plant is used for growth
false
floridians have a water consumptive use rate that exceeds that of rainfall received by the state. this is why our groundwater supply is in peril
false
N fertilizer and irrigation should be managed together to prevent leaching losses
true
the role of irrigation water in agriculture systems is to
- promote plant structure
- create optimal conditions for cultivated crops
- regulate plant temperature
a soil test reports what nutrients the unfertilized soil can provide to the plant
true
for florida, the loss of water via evapotranspiration is ____ the loss of water by surface and groundwater outflow to the gulf of mexico and atlantic ocean
greater than
many factors influence the frequency and volume of irrigation. which factors can be controlled by the farmer?
- crop selection based on pathogen susceptibility
- irrigation delivery system
- crop selection based on crop natural history
what is the water requirement for seedlings?
low
what is the water requirement for flowering plants?
high
what is the water requirement for drying plants prior to harvest?
none
what are the two primary nutrients that can degrade water quality?
nitrogen and phosphorous
irrigation is not required when seasonal ET is ____ precipitation
less than
most odors associated with land application of manures or composted manure are a great nuisance than threat to human health or the environment. odor controls include:
- incorporating manure into the soil
- stabilization processes like composting
why are manures considered low analysis fertilizers or soil ammendments?
the concentration of plant nutrients is typically low at less than 1% or 2%
two methods to stabilize manure include (anaerobic) digestion and composting
true
land application of organic wastes requires careful management so that:
- application rates match crop nutrient requirements
- storage does not become a source of pollution
nutrients slowly released over time
organic fertilizers
improves soil health
organic fertilizers
nutrients are available in greater amounts
synthetic fertilizers
nutrient amounts are highly accurate
synthetic fertilizers
