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Agriculture Quality > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

define agriculture

A

the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock

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2
Q

compare croplands to meadows and pastures by land area covered.

A
  • agricultural land covers 37% of land
  • 12% covered by crops
  • 25% covered by meadows and pastures
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3
Q

identify and rank the FAO’s 6 categories of crops by area harvested.

A
  1. cereals
  2. oilcrops
  3. fruits, veggies, and nuts
  4. pulses
  5. roots and tubers
  6. fiber crops
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4
Q

identify the inputs required to produce food

A

land
labor
water
energy
fertilizer

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5
Q

what occurs when there is an increase in agricultural land use?

A

there is a decrease in natural ecosystem

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6
Q

perennial crops

A

continuous crop coverage
inputs: less soil disturbance but more water usage

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7
Q

annual crops

A

planted and harvested annually
inputs: soil disturbance but less water usage

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8
Q

how much of our global water freshwater does agriculture use?

A

70%

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9
Q

how much water do we use annually?

A

4 trillion cubic meters

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10
Q

if we were to put all the water in a large sphere, what would the size be? what about if it were only freshwater resources?

A

860 miles
34.9 miles

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11
Q

define environmental quality

A

the capacity of an ecosystem to function
water quality, air quality, and soil quality

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12
Q

define agricultural sustainability in terms of balancing the triple bottom line

A

the intersection of the environment, society, and economics
- when we balance the triple bottom line agriculture as a practice is working towards sustainability

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13
Q

list the three components of the triple bottom line

A

environment, social, economics

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14
Q

identify the commodities produced in florida

A

trees, cows, people, sugar, and food

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15
Q

what are the major crops grown in florida based on area harvested?

A

sugarcane
oranges
hay
peanuts

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16
Q

which single crop in florida has the highest production value?

A

oranges at 8 billion

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17
Q

specify 3 reasons why florida can produce so many types of agricultural commodities

A
  • 3 climate zones
  • wide varieties of soil types
  • precipitation
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18
Q

watershed

A

an area whose runoff drains into any stream, lake, river, and ocean

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19
Q

point-source pollution

A

pollutant discharged from well-defined sources; pollutant regardless of weather

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20
Q

non-point source pollution

A

surface/groundwater contamination; contaminated during wet weather events

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21
Q

eutrophication

A

the enrichment of water by nutrients causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to present organisms and water quality

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22
Q

true or false: water quality is the same as water pollution

A

FALSE
- water quality reflects the chemical, biological, and physical composition of a water body
- the intended purpose of the water determines water quality standards

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23
Q

explain the role of soil in the water cycle in terms of infiltration and evapotranspiration.

A
  • soil acts as a filter as water passes through it
  • precipitation is the flux from atmosphere to land and water
  • soil acts like a sponge and rainfall soaks into the soil through infiltration
  • eventually makes it way back into the atmosphere through evapotranspiration
24
Q

how much precipitation infiltrates the soil?

A

76%

25
Q

list the two major reasons why agriculture is a leading cause of water quality impairment to surface waters in the US

A
  • area of land it covers
  • mass of fertilizer used
26
Q

list the conditions required for cultural eutrophication to take place

A
  • algae needs sunlight and excess nutrients
  • warm temperatures
  • stratification of water bodies - lower levels do not replenish oxygen
  • wet weather followed by warm, dry weather
27
Q

identify the main steps in the eutrophication process

A
  • nutrients from the land run off into the pond
  • excess nutrients cause algae to grow
  • dying algae sink to the bottom of the pond
  • bacteria consume the algae
  • oxygen is used up by the bacteria
  • low oxygen dead zones harm other aquatic life
28
Q

why do we use a watershed approach to manage the water quality of surface water bodies?

A
  • to optimize quantity and quality of our water resources
  • management of lands directly impact water resources
  • avoid actions to harm watersheds
29
Q

list the steps involved in the water quality based approach of the clean water act.

A
  • stage 1: adopt standards by defining goals and designated use
  • stage 2: monitor and assess all 71 criteria
  • stage 3: list impaired waters and inform the EPA and 303(d) list
  • stage 4: implementation plan with a BMAP
30
Q

what is a TMDL?

A

a scientific determination of the maximum amount of a given pollutant that a surface water can absorb and still meet the water quality standards that protect human health and aquatic life

31
Q

what types of water bodies have TMDLS in florida?

A

rivers and streams
lakes
springs
estuaries

32
Q

what is a BMAP?

A
  • basin management action plan
  • comprehensive set of practices and strategies to manage a basin in order to reduce pollutant loads
33
Q

how are BMAPS and TMDLs connected?

A
  • BMAPS implement TMDLs
  • implemented through stricter permits through the national pollution discharge elimination system and through incentives, training, research, out reach for best management practices
34
Q

what are agricultural best management practices according to FDACS?

A

a practice or combination of practices determined by coordinating agencies based on research, field testing, and expert review to be the most effective and practicable on location for means of improving water quality in agriculture and urban discharges

35
Q

what are the 3 categories of Ag. BMPs according to FDACs?

A

nutrient management
irrigation management
water resource protection

36
Q

what is the definition of soil?

A
  • a natural body that makes up the land surface
  • made up of solid, liquid, and gas phases
  • ability to support plant life and/or separate horizons from the parent material
37
Q

what are the 5 soil forming factors?

A

parent material
climate
time
topography
vegetation

38
Q

trained soil scientists can predict soil type in a landscape using their knowledge of ____

A

the 5 soil forming factors to understand why the soil has a particular series of horizons, textures, and colors

39
Q

define soil quality in terms of soil properties important to growing crops

A
  • porosity is how easily water moves through
  • texture deals with water
  • CEC is how nutrients are delivered to plant roots
40
Q

list 4 ways we use soil information for practical applications

A

nutrients
water management
wetlands
land-use planning

41
Q

list the three mineral particles in order of increasing coarseness

A
  • sand 2 - .05 mm
  • silt .05 - .002 mm
  • clay less than .002 mm
42
Q

compare and contrast sand and clay sized particles

A
  • sand grains have macropores with less surface area
  • clay grains have micropores with more surface area
43
Q

saturation

A

pores filled with water with air unavailable to plants
water grains with gravity

44
Q

field capacity

A

half water and half air
when water drains from saturation and stops. gravity no longer empties at this point
water accessible to plants

45
Q

permanent wilting point

A

primarily air, water no longer available to plants

46
Q

half of the soil volume is ____ space. during a drought, what fills this space? _____. after rain or irrigation, what fills this space? ____

A

pore
air
water

47
Q

what factors/soil properties determine water holding capacity?

A

soil texture and pore size

48
Q

which soil textural class has the highest water holding capacity?

A

clay

49
Q

which soil textural class has the highest plant available water?

A

loam

50
Q

define CEC and identify the two properties clays have that result in a high CEC

A

CEC is the function of minerology and surface area
- clays have more surface area and a negative surface charge

51
Q

what mineral fraction has the highest CEC?

A

clay

52
Q

a layer of soil which makes up a soil profile is called a soil ___

A

horizon

53
Q

has a large amount of roots and decaying organic matter

A

A

54
Q

has lost fine particles due to leaching and eluviation

A

E

55
Q

accumulates the fine particles such as organic matter/clay that moves down the soil profile

A

B

Agriculture Quality (18 decks)

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