Exam 3 Quizzes Flashcards
we do not allow land owners to incorporate composted biosolids into the soil.
false
the composting of human waste in Haiti:
- provides fertilizer and soil amendment
- improves human health
- provides jobs
- is used in urban gardens
two methods to stabilize wastewater solids (sewage sludge) include (anaerobic) digestion and composting.
false
according to 503 regulations, biosolids are required to meet these criteria before you can apply them to the land.
- pathogen reduction
- vector reduction
- specific limits on the context of toxic metal
biosolids are used:
- as a soil amendment
- in the production of energy
which of the following is not an example of biomass?
plastic waste
biomass can be converted into liquid fuels that are functionally equivalent to fossil-based fuels, such as gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel.
true
which food waste disposal system is considered “open-loop”?
B
using the figure below, identify as true or false: the sun is the source of energy for photosynthesis and the bacteria are a source of energy for anaerobic digestion.
false
uses manure, biosolids, and food waste as a feedstock
thermochemical conversion
uses agricultural waste and forest residues as a feedstock
biochemical conversion & cellulosic ethanol
involves the optimization of farm location
algae as a feedstock
uses heat and inorganic catalysts
thermochemical conversion
the fossil fuel “petroleum” is refined into these specific transportation fuels
- jet fuel
- diesel fuel
- gasoline
according to shimon steinberg, why biological control? why use good bugs in agriculture?
- to avoid pest resistance to chemicals
- public demand
- safety with respect to the pest control application
according to Dr. Frederick Fishel, what are some of the results from using pesticides?
- safer streets for driving to and from school
- control mosquito population; a drastic reduction in suffering from malaria
- stopping the spread of pests from the import and export of agricultural commodities
according to shimon steinberg, biological control for plants is everywhere, including your backyard.
true
toxins produced by Bt Kurstaki are used to control what pest?
caterpillars
according to shimon steinberg, what biological control example results in mummies?
the wasp and the aphid
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: water solubility of pesticide decreases
decreased risk
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: soil adsorption of pesticide increases
decreased risk
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: persistence increases
increased risk
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: soil texture is fine clay
decreased risk
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: soil organic matter content is low
increased risk
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: soil is characterized by macropores
increased risk
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: depth to groundwater is shallow (20 ft or less)
increased risk
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: rain/irrigation is in small volumes at infrequent intervals
decreased risk
identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: rain/irrigation is in large volumes at frequent intervals
increased risk
the environmental fate of a pesticide can be visualized through the following processes in the figure below. label the processes A through G
A: photodegradation
B: volatilization
D: leaching
E: plant uptake
F: microbial degradation
G: surface runoff
a scenario from Maryland was provided in the handout. information from that scenario is listed in the table below. select the conditions that indicate high risk to groundwater contamination:
- sandy loam soil texture
- shallow depth to groundwater table (less than 11 m)
hydric soils are characterized by the presence of anaerobic conditions
x
a wetland does not have to be wet (saturated) all year long
x
there are a number of parameters used to identify wetlands, which of the following lists best represents these parameters?
x
two types of food webs - the herbivore/carnivore and the detrital - are associated with wetlands. true or false: the food component driving the detrital food web is dead or decaying material
x
agricultural runoff high in nutrients should never be supplied to any wetland since this can result in algal blooms
x
wetlands in texas, north carolina, and alaska are quite similar
x
this image identifies a best management practice of conserving soil through the establishment and maintenance of
x
the use of green manure is a practice popular in agriculture and farming industries. select the following statement that are true of green manures as a cultural practice
x
what is the main form of nitrogen that has leached out of the fields, into the drainage ditch, and finally enters the constructed wetland?
nitrate (NO3-)
the water flowing through the wetland represents an aerobic environment, meaning the water contains dissolved ______.
oxygen
match the reaction with the environment in the nitrogen cycle: mineralization
anaerobic and aerobic
match the reaction in the nitrogen cycle: immobilization
anaerobic and aerobic
match the reaction in the nitrogen cycle: nitrification
aerobic
match the reaction in the nitrogen cycle: denitrification
anaerobic
during nitrification, microbes take in _______ and produce ______ only when _____ is not present.
nitrate, nitrogen gas, and oxygen gas
briefly explain why nitrification is limited in soils saturated with water
the bacteria involved in nitrification requires oxygen to turn ammonia into nitrate. when the soil is saturated with water, there is less free oxygen gas to be used as it is being taken up by hydrogen molecules as opposed to ammonia. the saturation is limiting the ammonia to react with oxygen to form nitrate.
the wetland filters water from the agricultural field by removing the nitrogen and phosphorous. How? Refer to the figure below as well as N&P cycles provided in our module on nutrient cycling.
A. denitrification
B. plant uptake
C. immobilization
D. adsorption or precipitation, followed by storage within the sediment
after 10 years of monitoring the water quality entering and exiting the constructed wetland no longer is removing phosphorous in the water. your neighbor suggests hiring a company specializing in wetland construction to harvest the wetland plants and remove sediment from the wetland. then the company would line the newly constructed wetland with sediments that are known to absorb phosphorous and plant wetland species. should you trust your neighbor’s suggestion. why or why not?
I think I would be able to trust the opinion of my neighbor. as seen with the everglades, wetlands are an important factor in removing excess phosphorous. if I leave the wetland to continue at its current condition, I believe it will accumulate phosphorus and build up excess algal and plant growth. once the sediment is replaced by the company, it will hold the phosphorous for many years and not be incorporated into the water. additionally, the new plants will continue to absorb the phosphorous as well. i also think i should check that farms in the are are maintaining best management practices with their fertilizer. if they are not maintaining BMPs, this could enable me to stop the excess phosphorous at the source and possibly not have to replace the sediments and plants again
