Exam 3 Quizzes

Question 1

we do not allow land owners to incorporate composted biosolids into the soil.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

the composting of human waste in Haiti:

Answer 2

• provides fertilizer and soil amendment
• improves human health
• provides jobs
• is used in urban gardens

Question 3

two methods to stabilize wastewater solids (sewage sludge) include (anaerobic) digestion and composting.

Answer 3

false

Question 4

according to 503 regulations, biosolids are required to meet these criteria before you can apply them to the land.

Answer 4

• pathogen reduction
• vector reduction
• specific limits on the context of toxic metal

Question 5

biosolids are used:

Answer 5

• as a soil amendment
• in the production of energy

Question 6

which of the following is not an example of biomass?

Answer 6

plastic waste

Question 7

biomass can be converted into liquid fuels that are functionally equivalent to fossil-based fuels, such as gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

which food waste disposal system is considered “open-loop”?

Answer 8

B

Question 9

using the figure below, identify as true or false: the sun is the source of energy for photosynthesis and the bacteria are a source of energy for anaerobic digestion.

Answer 9

false

Question 10

uses manure, biosolids, and food waste as a feedstock

Answer 10

thermochemical conversion

Question 11

uses agricultural waste and forest residues as a feedstock

Answer 11

biochemical conversion & cellulosic ethanol

Question 12

involves the optimization of farm location

Answer 12

algae as a feedstock

Question 13

uses heat and inorganic catalysts

Answer 13

thermochemical conversion

Question 14

the fossil fuel “petroleum” is refined into these specific transportation fuels

Answer 14

• jet fuel
• diesel fuel
• gasoline

Question 15

according to shimon steinberg, why biological control? why use good bugs in agriculture?

Answer 15

• to avoid pest resistance to chemicals
• public demand
• safety with respect to the pest control application

Question 16

according to Dr. Frederick Fishel, what are some of the results from using pesticides?

Answer 16

• safer streets for driving to and from school
• control mosquito population; a drastic reduction in suffering from malaria
• stopping the spread of pests from the import and export of agricultural commodities

Question 17

according to shimon steinberg, biological control for plants is everywhere, including your backyard.

Answer 17

true

Question 18

toxins produced by Bt Kurstaki are used to control what pest?

Answer 18

caterpillars

Question 19

according to shimon steinberg, what biological control example results in mummies?

Answer 19

the wasp and the aphid

Question 20

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: water solubility of pesticide decreases

Answer 20

decreased risk

Question 21

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: soil adsorption of pesticide increases

Answer 21

decreased risk

Question 22

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: persistence increases

Answer 22

increased risk

Question 23

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: soil texture is fine clay

Answer 23

decreased risk

Question 24

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: soil organic matter content is low

Answer 24

increased risk

Question 25

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: soil is characterized by macropores

Answer 25

increased risk

Question 26

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: depth to groundwater is shallow (20 ft or less)

Answer 26

increased risk

Question 27

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: rain/irrigation is in small volumes at infrequent intervals

Answer 27

decreased risk

Question 28

identify the conditions that would either increase or decrease the risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides: rain/irrigation is in large volumes at frequent intervals

Answer 28

increased risk

Question 29

the environmental fate of a pesticide can be visualized through the following processes in the figure below. label the processes A through G

Answer 29

A: photodegradation B: volatilization D: leaching E: plant uptake F: microbial degradation G: surface runoff

Question 30

a scenario from Maryland was provided in the handout. information from that scenario is listed in the table below. select the conditions that indicate high risk to groundwater contamination:

Answer 30

- sandy loam soil texture - shallow depth to groundwater table (less than 11 m)

Question 31

hydric soils are characterized by the presence of anaerobic conditions

Answer 31

x

Question 32

a wetland does not have to be wet (saturated) all year long

Answer 32

x

Question 33

there are a number of parameters used to identify wetlands, which of the following lists best represents these parameters?

Answer 33

x

Question 34

two types of food webs - the herbivore/carnivore and the detrital - are associated with wetlands. true or false: the food component driving the detrital food web is dead or decaying material

Answer 34

x

Question 35

agricultural runoff high in nutrients should never be supplied to any wetland since this can result in algal blooms

Answer 35

x

Question 36

wetlands in texas, north carolina, and alaska are quite similar

Answer 36

x

Question 37

this image identifies a best management practice of conserving soil through the establishment and maintenance of

Answer 37

x

Question 38

the use of green manure is a practice popular in agriculture and farming industries. select the following statement that are true of green manures as a cultural practice

Answer 38

x

Question 39

what is the main form of nitrogen that has leached out of the fields, into the drainage ditch, and finally enters the constructed wetland?

Answer 39

nitrate (NO3-)

Question 40

the water flowing through the wetland represents an aerobic environment, meaning the water contains dissolved ______.

Answer 40

oxygen

Question 41

match the reaction with the environment in the nitrogen cycle: mineralization

Answer 41

anaerobic and aerobic

Question 42

match the reaction in the nitrogen cycle: immobilization

Answer 42

anaerobic and aerobic

Question 43

match the reaction in the nitrogen cycle: nitrification

Answer 43

aerobic

Question 44

match the reaction in the nitrogen cycle: denitrification

Answer 44

anaerobic

Question 45

during nitrification, microbes take in _______ and produce ______ only when _____ is not present.

Answer 45

nitrate, nitrogen gas, and oxygen gas

Question 46

briefly explain why nitrification is limited in soils saturated with water

Answer 46

the bacteria involved in nitrification requires oxygen to turn ammonia into nitrate. when the soil is saturated with water, there is less free oxygen gas to be used as it is being taken up by hydrogen molecules as opposed to ammonia. the saturation is limiting the ammonia to react with oxygen to form nitrate.

Question 47

the wetland filters water from the agricultural field by removing the nitrogen and phosphorous. How? Refer to the figure below as well as N&P cycles provided in our module on nutrient cycling.

Answer 47

A. denitrification B. plant uptake C. immobilization D. adsorption or precipitation, followed by storage within the sediment

Question 48

after 10 years of monitoring the water quality entering and exiting the constructed wetland no longer is removing phosphorous in the water. your neighbor suggests hiring a company specializing in wetland construction to harvest the wetland plants and remove sediment from the wetland. then the company would line the newly constructed wetland with sediments that are known to absorb phosphorous and plant wetland species. should you trust your neighbor's suggestion. why or why not?

Answer 48

I think I would be able to trust the opinion of my neighbor. as seen with the everglades, wetlands are an important factor in removing excess phosphorous. if I leave the wetland to continue at its current condition, I believe it will accumulate phosphorus and build up excess algal and plant growth. once the sediment is replaced by the company, it will hold the phosphorous for many years and not be incorporated into the water. additionally, the new plants will continue to absorb the phosphorous as well. i also think i should check that farms in the are are maintaining best management practices with their fertilizer. if they are not maintaining BMPs, this could enable me to stop the excess phosphorous at the source and possibly not have to replace the sediments and plants again