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Neuroscience > Module D-11 > Flashcards

Module D-11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound?

A

pressure waves generated by mechanical vibrations

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2
Q

what are 3 characteristics of sound?

A

1) Frequency - perceived as a high or low tone or pitch
2) Intensity or amplitude- perceive as loudness
3) the point of origin - location

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3
Q

What is unit for the frequency of sound?

A

cycles per second ( cps) or Hertz ( Hz)

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4
Q

What is frequency range of sound audible to humans?

A

20 to about 20,000 Hz

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5
Q

What is sound intensity?

A

sound pressure levels (p) relative to the human auditory

threshold (p0) at 1000 Hz

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6
Q

Equation for sound intensity

A

Intensity (dB) = 20 log (p/p0)

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7
Q

unit for sound intensity

A

Decibels (dB)

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8
Q

What is the speed sound travels through air?

A

331 meter per second (m/s)

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9
Q

Describe pathway of sound into outer ear

A

The outer ear, filled with air, focuses sound into the external auditory meatus. Pressure waves generated by sound pass through the external auditory meatus
and produce vibrations of the tympanic membrane.

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10
Q

What separates the inner and outer ear?

A

Tympanic membrabe

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11
Q

What is the middle ear filled with?

A

air

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12
Q

How is the middle ear connected with the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian ( pharyngotympanic ) tube

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13
Q

What are the ossicles of the ear?

A

malleus, incus and stapes

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14
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the inner ear?

A

m. tensor tympani and the m. stapedius

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15
Q

What is the function of the 2 muscles of the inner ear?

A

Contract To prevent damage to the inner ear during high intensity sound

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16
Q

The stapes vibrates the _______ window to produce vibratory waves of the inner ear

A

Oval

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17
Q

What is the bony compartment that contains the inner ear?

A

the Cochlea

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18
Q

Which compartments of the inner ear contain Perilymph?

A

scala vestibuli and scala tympani

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19
Q

Which compartments of the inner ear contain Endolymph?

A

scala media

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20
Q

The hair cells are located in the ___________ of the chochlea

A

Organ of corti

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21
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the afferents that receive the signal from the hair cells?

A

Spiral ganglion (form axons of auditory nerve CN VIII)

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22
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of sound amplification in the middle ear?

A

1) Size difference of Tympanic membrane compared to oval window
2) Lever Ratio of the Ossicular Chain

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23
Q

How does the size difference cause pressure amplification of sound?

A

because the smaller the surface area the greater the pressure produced for the same force

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24
Q

How does the lever ratio of the ossicular chain cause pressure amplification?

A

Large movements (with little force) of the tympanic membrane are transformed into little movements (with greater force) at the oval window

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25
Q

By how much does the middle ear amplify pressure?

A

70-100 fold

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26
Q

Which ossicle is the tensor tympani muscle attached to ?

A

Malleus

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27
Q

Which ossicle is the stapedius muscle attached to ?

A

Stapes

28
Q

Which nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?

A

Trigeminal nerve V

29
Q

Which nerve innervates the Stapedius muscle?

A

Facial nerve VII

30
Q

What happens when the 2 inner ear muscles are contracted

A

1) tensor tympani, limits the movement of the tympanic membrane;
2) stapedius, limits the movement of the stapedius

31
Q

What are the 3 fluid compartments of the cochlea?

A

the scala vestibuli, the scala media and the scala tympani.

32
Q

Perilymph s similar in composition to ___________

A

Extracellular fluid

33
Q

The part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet

A

HELIOCTREMA

34
Q

What causes the High K+ levels in the endolymph of scala media?

A

due to an active secretion process of the stria vascularis

35
Q

Where is the Stria Vascularis located?

A

Lateral wall of the scala media

36
Q

Which membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani?

A

Basilar membrane

37
Q

Which membrane separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli?

A

Reissner’s membrane

38
Q

Why are travelling waves produced by sound in the inner ear and not compression waves as in air?

A

because fluid isn’t compressed it moves

39
Q

Describe movement of sound from stapes into cochlea

A

Movement of the stapes produces pressure on the oval window, pushing against the perilymph compartments (and
indirectly on the endolymph compartment) in the cochlea and pulling back.

40
Q

Describe signal transduction in organ of corti

A

travelling waves through the cochlea, which deflect the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial membrane
which then causes deflection of the stereocilia

41
Q

Which cells are the signal amplifiers of the INNER ear?

A

Outer hair cells

42
Q

Which cells are the transducers of sound?

A

Inner hair cells

43
Q

How do Outer hair cells cause signal amplification?

A

motor proteins cause shortenings of the outer hair cells

when they are depolarized, and elongation when they are at rest

44
Q

Part of the Cerebral cortex that is an element of the auditory pathway

A

Transverse Temporal gyrus

45
Q

Part of the Thalamus that is an element of the auditory pathway

A

Medial geniculate nucleus

46
Q

Part of the Midbrain that is an element of the auditory pathway

A

Inferior colliculus

47
Q

Part of the Pons that is an element of the auditory pathway

A
  • Lateral lemniscus nucleus
  • Superior olive
  • Trapezoid nucleus
48
Q

Part of the medulla that is an element of the auditory pathway

A

Cochlear Nuclei

49
Q

Part of the PNS that is an element of the auditory pathway

A

Auditory nerve VIII , Spiral ganglion

50
Q

Where does the auditory nerve enter the brainstem?

A

ponto-medullary junction, and the fibers synapse in

the anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei

51
Q

Which Lesions cause unilateral hearing loss?

A

lesions affecting the structures of the ear, the eighth nerve, or cochlear nuclei

52
Q

Lesions that affect sound localization

A

Lesions of the inferior colliculus

53
Q

Why are bilateral hearing loss more common than unilateral one?

A

the auditory pathways are characterized by extensive

crossing fiber connections at each level

54
Q

3 ways to categorize hearing loss:

A
  • Unilateral or bilateral
  • Conductive or sensorineural
  • Acquired or age related
55
Q

What is Otosklerosis?

A

a gradual replacement of normal bone of the bony
labyrinth and the stapes footplate by lamellar new bone. This leads to a fusion of the stapes with the borders of the oval window

56
Q

What type of hearing loss is Otosklerosis?

A

Conductive hearing loss, up to 40 dB sound pressure

57
Q

What is a vestibular Schwannoma ?

A
  • a benign tumor originating from the Schwann cells of the vestibular division of CN VIII
    tumor
  • compresses the vestibulo-cochlear nerve within the internal auditory meatus.
58
Q

What are the symptoms of a vestibular Schwannoma?

A

UNILATERAL sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus

59
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

Abnormalities of endolymph circulation can lead to significant dilation of endolymph compartments and degeneration of hair cells

60
Q

Symptoms of Meniere’s disease?

A

characterized by recurrent sudden attacks of vertigo, tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss

61
Q

What type of sounds cause hearing loss?

A

Extremely loud percussive sounds, such as explosions or gun fire, can rupture the tympanic membrane and cause conductive hearing loss.
Repeated exposure to less dramatic, but still high sound intensities (100dB or higher), including sounds generated by machinery or amplified music (also loud sound exposure through head phones), causes sensorineural hearing loss, due to the damage to hair cells in the organ of Corti.

62
Q

what is presbycusis?

A

a progressive bilateral and symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss associated with aging

63
Q

What gets damaged over time as we age?

A

hair cells, peripheral nerve

damage and damage to central auditory pathways

64
Q

What needs to be intact for hearing aids to be used?

A

the elements of sound conduction in the

middle ear, as well as the sensorineural elements, including hair cells in the inner ear and the auditory pathways

65
Q

How do cochlear implants work?

A

The stimulating electrodes are surgically inserted into the cochlea and on the
reception of sound, suitable patterns of electrical stimuli are delivered to the
fibers of the cochlear nerve.
used for sensorineural hearing loss where only hair cells are damaged but afferent fibers are intact

Neuroscience (32 decks)

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