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Neuroscience > Module C > Flashcards

Module C Flashcards

1
Q

What layer of embryo does nervous system develop from?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

What triggers neural induction?

A

interaction with the mesoderm

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3
Q

What does the neural tube form from?

A

Neural plate

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4
Q

Function of BMP in early neurogenesis

A

Suppresses neural differentiation and promotes the

formation of epidermal tissue

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5
Q

What is the Function of Chordin and Noggin?

A
  • Block the action of BMP

- allow for a selection of ectodermal cells to form the neural PLATE

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6
Q

Where do the signalling proteins Chordin and Noggin come frm?

A

Henson’s node

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7
Q

At what time in embryogenesis does the neural plate form?

A

by 2 ½ weeks of development

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8
Q

Describe the development of neural tube.

A

1) Infolding of neural plate by changes in the shapes of
the cells of the neural ectoderm , pinching at apices and expanding their bases ( not increase in cell number)
2) beginning in the middle and moving both rostrally and caudally

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9
Q

A failure of the tube to close rostrally leads to ________

A

anencephaly (lack neocortex)

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10
Q

Failure of the tube to close caudally leads to _________

A

spina bifida (part of the meninges or spinal cord protrudes through the spinal column)

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11
Q

Where does the neural crest cells develop from?

A

pinches off from the margins of the neural groove as it closes to become the neural tube

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12
Q

What does the neural tube and neural crest cells form

A

Neurons and glial cells

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13
Q

What type of proteins do Homeobox genes encode?

A

Transcription factors

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14
Q

What part of the brain develop segmentally

A

Rhombencephalon aka hindbrain

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15
Q

What causes the segmentation in development of hindbrain

A

Several genes whose pattern of expression at early stages in development correlates with the segmental boundaries of the hindbrain

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16
Q

Where is the Homeobox located?

A

conserved stretch of DNA in Homeotic genes

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17
Q

What do Homeobox encode

A

encodes a sequence of 60 amino acids that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences in a series of subordinate genes

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18
Q

Master control genes aka

A

Hox genes

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19
Q

Function of Hox genes in Vertebrate embryo

A

creating structures appropriate to a particular anterior-posterior position

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20
Q

_____ and _____ Hox genes in humans

A

emx and otx

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21
Q

Genetic abnormalities of emx develop _______

A

schizencephaly, (deep crevices in cortex)

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22
Q

Genetic defects in otx develop _______

A

epilepsy

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23
Q

what determines the pattern of Hox gene expression?

A

longitudinal gradient of retinoic acid

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24
Q

Where is Retinoic acid produced?

A

Henson’s node

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25
Q

Henson’s node equivalent in avian and mammalian embryos

A

Spemann organizer

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26
Q

How does retinoic acid effect Hox genes?

A
  • activate transcription of Hox genes

- there are systematic differences in the sensitivity of different Hox genes to retinoic acid

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27
Q

How is the retinoic acid gradient established?

A

diffusion of retinoic acid from Hensen’s node establishes a gradient along the short length of the embryo

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28
Q

What is the floor plate?

A

a band of specialized cells, lies along the ventral midline of the spinal cord

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29
Q

Signals from the ______, induce ventral spinal cord characteristics

A

Notochord (lies ventral to neural tube)

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30
Q

Describe pattern established by notochord

A
  • ventral midline of the spinal cord===> Floorplate
  • Adjacent regions of the neural tube give rise to ===> motoneurons,
  • more dorsal regions===> interneurons
  • the most dorsal region===> neural crest
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31
Q

___________ protein produced by notochord to induce ventral development of neural tube

A

Sonic hedgehog

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32
Q

________ secreted by ectodermal cells dorsal to the developing spinal cord and it induces the specification of
cells that lie in the dorsal horn

A

BMP (yea really!!!)

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33
Q

Other groups of neurons induced by Sonic Hedge hog

A
  • serotoninergic neurons in the anterior hindbrain,
  • dopaminergic neurons in the posterior midbrain,
  • oculomotor neurons in the anterior midbrain
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34
Q

Cells of the neural tube are oriented _______

A

Radially

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35
Q

Steps of cell proliferation.

A

1) Cell nucleus migrates to the tube’s inner or ventricular surface
2) The pial end of the cell detaches
3) The cell divides
4) The nuclei of the daughters migrate toward the outer surface as the cells reattach to that surface

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36
Q

How do neurons migrate?

A

along Radial Glia

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37
Q

Older cells are found closer to _________ surface

A

external or pial surface

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38
Q

Radial glia are brief lived during development but are still found in 2 locations in adults

A

1) adult retina as Muller cells

2) cerebellum as Bergman glia

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39
Q

What does Neuronal birthdating done with?

A

timed pulses of tritiated thymidine

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40
Q

Neuronal birthdating shows that the larger cells are _______

A

older

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41
Q

All neurons in the brain are born before birth with 2 exceptions:

A

1) Granule cells in the cerebellum

2) Olfactory neurons

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42
Q

Which proteins mediating neuronal migration along radial glia?

A

1) neural glycoprotein astrotactin

2) specific isoforms of the extracellular matrix adhesion molecule receptor integrin

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43
Q

How do GnRH neurons migrate into CNS?

A

Along axonal tracts;
moving from the olfactory pit, an ectodermal derivative (placode) that gives rise to the nasal
epithelium, into the hypothalamus

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44
Q

What causes Kallmann’s syndrome?

A

migration fails to occur during development as a result of malformation of the olfactory placode

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45
Q

Symptoms of Kallmann’s syndrome?

A

no sense of smell and fail to mature sexually

46
Q

Neural crest cells use neither Radial glia nor axonal tracts. How do they migrate?

A

along pathways marked by laminin

47
Q

After migration, maturation of neuron depends on _________

A

its environment

48
Q

What is Leukemia Inhibiting Factor (LIF)?

A

A peptide released by the muscle cells causes the change in phenotype of the crest cells and induces differentiation of cells in the immune system

49
Q

What peptide induces differentiation of immune system?

A

LIF

50
Q

Describe Axonal growth

A

1) The tip of the growing axon is enlarged to form the growth cone
2) It moves across and through the substrate, extending the fiber by adding membrane.
3) dynamic, interactive process in which projections from the growth cone (filopodia) extend and move to contact other cells and the substrate.
4) Receptors on the axon surface interact with specific molecules of the substrate.
5) In some cases growth cones may release enzymes to help clear a path and change the substrate.
6) Diffusible molecules released by cells along the pathway may also attract the growing axon

51
Q

Axons that cross in the anterior commissure in the spinal cord are attracted there by a diffusible substance known as

A

Netrin

52
Q

Netrin is released by

A

Floor plate

53
Q

Molecule found in surrounding material that promotes neurite growth

A

Laminin

54
Q

Where is Laminin found?

A

1) along pathways that axons follow as they extend
their processes in the developing nervous system
2) synthesized by Schwann cells after injury

55
Q

Protein needed for layers of Schwann cell membranes to wrap and seal themselves around developing axons

A

PMP-22 (peripheral myelin protein)

56
Q

In what hereditary disease is PMP-22 is not normal, peripheral myelin fails to form properly?

A

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

57
Q

What is genetic defect in Charcot Marie Tooth Disease?

A

substitution of a glycine by aspartate

58
Q

Formation of axon bundles is called

A

Fasciculation

59
Q

What is responsible for fasicualtion

A
  • Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules (N-CAMs) in the developing axons’ membranes
  • binds to itself and thus causes axons to stick to one another
60
Q

What is function of Agrin released by nerve cells that innervate the skeletal muscle ?

A

Receptors aggregate at the endplate, extrasynaptic sensitivity decreases

61
Q

What happens to sensitivity after denervation?

A

-The sensitivity spreads again, but the focal sensitivity at the endplate and the acetylcholinesterase molecules located there are not lost

62
Q

Role of Nerve Growth Factor in neuronal development

A

1) Enhance the outgrowth of neurites from sensory and sympathetic neurons (dorsal root ganglia)
2) essential for their survival as well.

63
Q

Role of NGF in adult neurons

A

Regualtes synthesis of Norepi by inducing two enzymes required for its synthesis: tyrosine hydroxylase and
dopamine b-hydroxylase

64
Q

How is NGF taken up by neurons?

A

retrograde transport from nerve terminals to the cell soma

65
Q

Protein that is homologous to NGF that promotes the survival of dorsal root ganglion neurons and maintains CNS connections of sensory neurons

A

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

66
Q

BNDF and NGF belong to what family of growth fatcors

A

neurotrophins

67
Q

Basic structure of neurotrophins

A

dimers of a small basic peptide, held together by disulfide linkages between the conserved cysteine residues

68
Q

Other neurotrophins

A

NT-3,NT-4/5, and NT-6

69
Q

What neurotrophins are needed by neural crest cells and sensory neurons in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia for proliferation, differentiation, and survival BEFORE they innervate targets?

A

BDNF or NT-3

70
Q

What is the source of neurotrophins early in development?

A

neurons themselves and by the mesenchymal tissues through which the sensory axons grow

71
Q

After sensory neurons reach their targets what is the source of NGF

A

Target cell produces NGF and neurons begin to express NGF receptors

72
Q

What are the 2 types of neurotrophin receptors found on the surface of their target neurons?

A

1) low affinity (Kd = 10-9M) fast NGF receptor or p75

2) There are also high affinity (Kd = 10-11M) receptors

73
Q

Where are the low affinity neurotrophin receptors found?

A

Both neurons and nonneuronal cells.

74
Q

Where are the high affinity neurotrophin receptors found?

A

Only on Neurons

75
Q

The high affinity receptor found on neurons is called

A

p140prototrk or simply trk ( produced by oncogenes)

76
Q

Structure of trk

A

consists of:
- an extracellular domain with the neurotrophin-binding
site
- a short transmembrane segment,
- an intracellular domain encoding a tyrosine kinase

77
Q

What are the 3 members of the trk family of proto-oncogenes?

A

1) Trk-A
2) Trk-B
3) Trk-C

78
Q

Which neurotrophin is Trk- A a receptor for?

A

NGF

79
Q

Which neurotrophin is Trk- B a receptor for?

A

BDNF and NT-4/5

80
Q

Which neurotrophin is Trk- C a receptor for?

A

NT-3

81
Q

What happens after binding of neurotrophin to its high affinity receptor?

A

1) an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptors themselves.
2) This activates three intracellular signaling pathways, phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and the MAP kinase cascade.

82
Q

How does low affinity receptor differ from High affinity receptor structurally?

A

lacks any intracellular domain

83
Q

What is function of the low affinity receptor?

A

unknown
- may interact with the high affinity receptor during the binding of neurotrophins
- may trigger cell death, or provide a
mechanism for restricting diffusion and establishing high local concentrations
of neurotrophins, as during peripheral nerve regeneration.

84
Q

Which areas of the CNS BDNF or NT-3 for survival?

A

Cells in the cortex and hippocampus
BNDF- retinal ganglion cell branching and remodeling,
dendritic growth of cortical neurons, and the formation of ocular dominance
columns in developing visual cortex

85
Q

What is the hypothesis for apoptosis occurring during development?

A

Cells may be competing for vital substance released by the target

86
Q

Polyneuronal innervation

A

During development muscle , which are singly innervated when mature , are innervated by multiple motoneurons until they are reduced by synapse elimination

87
Q

Which cell mediates Reduction or elimination of polyneuronal innervation?

A

The muscle fiber

88
Q

Other regions where Reduction of polyneuronal innervation occurs

A

Autonomic Nervous system and Cerebellum

89
Q

Where do retinal ganglion cells grow towards

A

optic tectum

90
Q

Ganglion cells from nasal retina innervate _________ tectum and cells from temporal retina innervate ________ tectum

A

posterior; anterior

91
Q

What receptor is responsible for repulsive interaction of retinal ganglion cells?

A

Ephrin (Eph) receptor of tyrosine kinase receptors

92
Q

What are the ligands expressed in tectum during formation of retinotectal connections?

A

Ephrin A-2 and Ephrin A-5

93
Q

Concentration of Ephrin ligands is highest in _______ tectum and lowest in ________ tectum

A

posterior; anterior

94
Q

__________ ganglion cells have highest ephrin receptors than __________ ganglion cells

A

Temporal ; Nasal

95
Q

Matching of neurons to target is not rigid and can be changed by _________

A

experience after birth

96
Q

Brodmann’s area for primary visual cortex

A

Area 17

97
Q

visual input goes into which layer

A

Layer 4

98
Q

What does a plastic occluder do ?

A

allows light but no form or contrast to go through

99
Q

Stribismus

A

congenital squint

100
Q

When muscles are denervated they get ______(more or less) sensitive to transmitter

A

More (supersensitive)

101
Q

Why can’t CNS axons grow over long distances?

A

Partly due to proteins on surface of astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes that inhibit axon growth

102
Q

Where is the primary and secondary effect of the drug thalidomide?

A

Primary- neurons

Secondary- bone growth=reduce appendages to flipper

103
Q

What is the effect of albinism on neuronal development?

A
  • alter axon growth and the formation of connections

- miswiring of retinogeniculate connections

104
Q

What layer does notochord originate from?

A

mesoderm

105
Q

What layer does neural plate, neural fold, neural tube and neural crest originate from?

A

ectoderm

106
Q

Where would oldest neurons be found during development?

A

towards ventricular surface; young neurons pass by older ones

107
Q

short range immobile factors promoting growth include

A

Laminin and NCAMs

108
Q

Short range diffusible factors promoting growth include

A

Sonic hedgehog and netrin

109
Q

Long range factors promoting growth include

A

NGF

110
Q

immunosypathectomy caused by antibody to

A

NGF

111
Q

What happens when one eye lid is closed immediately after birth?

A

shrinkage of columns supplied by that eye
failure of cortical cells to be driven by that eye
eventual blindness in that eye if lid not opened for more than 3 months

Neuroscience (32 decks)

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