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Neuroscience > Module B-01 > Flashcards

Module B-01 Flashcards

1
Q

2 major cell types in CNS and PNS

A

1) Neurons

2) Glia

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2
Q

Functions of Glia

A
  • Supportive
  • Protective (cushion and ideal chemical environment)
  • Regulatory
  • Electrically Insulated
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3
Q

Define Neurites

A

axons and dendrites

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4
Q

Describe neuronal cell membrane

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer with ion channels , receptors and other protein complexes
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5
Q

Describe neuronal nucleus

A

bilayered porous membrane that contains DNA

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6
Q

Nissl substance consists of_______ and produces______

A

RNA granules ; Proteins

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7
Q

Location of Nissl substance

A

Cell body and proximal regions of dendrites

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8
Q

describe mitochondria

A

Bilayered organelle involved in energy generation

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9
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • vesicular packaging

- modification and transport of products of Nissl substance

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

scavenger vesicles loaded with degratory enzymes

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11
Q

3 types of Cytoskeleton filaments

A

1) Microtubules
2) Neurofilaments/Intermediate Filaments
3) MIcrofilaments

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12
Q

Functions of Cytoskeleton filaments

A
  • Change shape during cell growth and regenration
  • Maintain shape in Mature cell
  • Transport of material
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13
Q

Microtubules are polymers of___________

A

alpha, Beta and Gamma tubulin

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14
Q

How do microtubules grow?

A

-addition of tubulin dimers which are the cross linked by Tau protein (alzheimer’s)

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15
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Forms Tracts for the 2 axonal transport

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16
Q

Anterograde transport aka

A

orthograde

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17
Q

Protein involved in anterograde axonal transport is ________ and retrograde is ________

A

Kinesin; Dynein

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18
Q

In which direction does Kinesin move on along the microtubules?

A

towards the positive end of the micortubule and becomes inactivated at nerve ending

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19
Q

What type of proteins are Kinesin and Dynein?

A

ATPases

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20
Q

In which direction does Dynein move on along the microtubules?

A

towards negative end of microtubule and becomes inactivated at the soma

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21
Q

Function of Retrograde transport

A
  • NGF transport after endocytosis at teh nerve terminal towards the soma
  • recycled vesicles and lysosomes
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22
Q

3 Types of Neurofilaments/Intermediate filaments

A

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)
nestin
vimentin

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23
Q

Function of Neurofilaments/Intermediate filaments

A

create scaffolding of cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Structure of Neurofilaments/Intermediate filaments

A

Highly polymerized with little turnover

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25
Q

Number of Neurofilaments/Intermediate filaments in neurons is dependant on _________

A

Axonal Diameter (radial development)

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26
Q

_________ is similar to myosin of muscle in that it has binding sites for large structures

A

Kinesin

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27
Q

Actin is a type of __________

A

Microfilament

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28
Q

Function of Microfilament

A
  • participates in advancement of Growth Cone

- synaptic vesicle endocytosis during vesicle recycling (actin)

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29
Q

Location of Microfilaments

A

forms a network just below the cell membrane

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30
Q

How is dendritic transport different from axonal?

A

microtubule are in mixed orientation for selective movement to dendrites rather than axons

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31
Q

Rate of Axoplasmic flow

A

1mm/day

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32
Q

neuron with multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar

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33
Q

Multipolar neuron with long axons are called ________ and those with short axons are called ________

A

Golgi type I (Motor) ; Golgi type II (inhibitory)

34
Q

Neurons with elongated cell body and two processes

A

Bipolar

35
Q

Function of Bipolar

A

Special sensory systems like retina and CN 8 (visual and auditory)

36
Q

neurons with 2 axonal processes that diverge from a stalk of the cell body

A

Pseudounipolar

37
Q

Example of Pseudounipolar

A

sensory neurons that form the Dorsal Root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia

38
Q

Class A fibers

A

Myelinated neurons

39
Q

Class C fibers

A

Unmyelinated neurons

40
Q

Myelination _______ speed of conduction

A

increases

41
Q

categorization of neurons according to myelination

A

Class A and C

42
Q

Categorization of neurons according to Axonal diameter

A

Class I, II, III and IV

43
Q

Class I

A

Largest diameter and most rapid conducting

44
Q

Class II and III

A

intermediate diameter and intermediate conduction speeds

45
Q

Class IV

A

Smallest, unmyelinated and slowest (Class C)

46
Q

How do inhibitory neurons inhibit

A

release transmitter that polarize and stabalize membrane

47
Q

What dictates whether a neuron has inhibitory or excitatory effect?

A

Receptors on postsynaptic neurons , not the transmitter

48
Q

6 types of glia

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Tanycytes
  • Choroidal epithelial cells
49
Q

Most numerous cell type in CNS

A

Astrocytes

50
Q

Functions of Astrocytes

A
  • Maintain ionic homeostasis
  • Maintain synaptic homeostatis
  • Regulate cerebral blood flow
  • Protect neurons from oxidative damage
  • Supply lactate to glucose-deprived neurons
  • Direct differentiation of neuronal precursors (releasing growth factors)
  • Release cholesterol (a component of the lipid structure of membranes)
  • Increase numbers of synapses
  • Release gliotransmitters
  • Uptake of excess K+ through ion channels
51
Q

What transmitters do astrocytes take up at the synaptic cleft?

A

glutamate, glycine and monoamines

52
Q

What Gliotransmitters do Astrocytes release?

A

Glutamate, D-serine and ATP

53
Q

Which 2 types of glial cell forms Gliotic scar (gliosis) during Brian and Spinal cord damage?

A

Astrocytes and ependymal cells

54
Q

Effect of high extracellular K+ levels on neuron

A

Depolarizes the neuron

55
Q

What is spatial buffering or potassium siphoning?

A

When astrocytic K+ ion channels that take up the excessive extracellular ions for shunting to neighboring astrocytes via gap junctions

56
Q

__________ are Neuronal, astrocytic and oligodendrocytic progenitors

A

Radial Glia

57
Q

2 locations where Radial glia persist

A
  • Bergman glia in cerebellum

- Müller cells of the retina

58
Q

Function of Microglia

A

Immunocompetent and phagocytic

  • Protect neurons from micro-organisms and toxic effects of cellular debris
  • Secrete neurotrophic or neuron survival factors upon activation
  • contribute to initiation of pathological neuronal degernation
  • Release cytotoxic molecules
59
Q

Types of cytotoxic molecules released by microglia

A

o Proinflammatory cytokines
o Reactive oxygen intermediates
o Proteases

60
Q

_________ myelinate axons of CNS neurons

A

Oligodendrocytes

61
Q

Function of ependymal cells

A

Produce CSF
form CSF-brain barrier
produce neurons and glial cells after stroke

62
Q

Location of Ependymal cells

A

walls of ventricles

63
Q

Function of Choroid plexus epithelial cells

A
  • Secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

- transfer molecules from blood into CSF

64
Q

Tanycytes are derived from

A

Radial Glia

65
Q

Function of Tanycytes

A

Interface between CSF and Blood

allow sampling by homeostatic areas

66
Q

Where do Schwann cells originate from

A

neural crest cells (both myelinated and unmyelinated)

67
Q

Functions of Schwann cells

A
  • myelination in PNS

- clearing cellular debris by phagocytosis

68
Q

What happens to schwann cells of damaged axons

A

regress to immature state to support regeneration

69
Q

Enteric glial cells are similar to _______

A

astrocytes

70
Q

Where are satellite glia found?

A

in sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

71
Q

what type of glia are schwann cells, satellite and enteric glial cells?

A

PNS glia

72
Q

Function of satellite cells

A

surround neurons to to regulate chemical environment

73
Q

What happens during axonal transection of PNS

A

o Distal axonal segment degenerates
o Proximal axonal segment may form sprouts
o Schwann cells Proliferate, forming a guide tube
 Release nerve growth factors, encouraging axonal regeneration
 Re-myelinate the regenerating axon
 Target cells may die unless reinnervated within denervated
cells may die after 3 weeks

74
Q

Rate of axon growth in remyleination

A

about 2 mm/day

75
Q

Define Chromatolysis

A

Post traumatic neuronal swelling and dilution of of organelles

76
Q

Anterograde transneuronal degeneration

A

death of denervated (postsynaptic) cell or neuron

77
Q

Retrograde transneuronal degeneration

A

death of the cell presynaptic to the damaged cell

78
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

degeneration of the disconnected axon and terminal

79
Q

Why doesn’t regeneration occur in CNS?

A
  • not enough NGF is secreted by the glial cells
  • oligodendrocytes don’t form guide tubes as Schwann cells
  • Gliotic scars block axonal regrowth
80
Q

All Tumors of the PNS are_________

A

Schwannomas

81
Q

__ of tumors of brain and ____ of spinal cord are glial origin

A

50%; 25%

82
Q

2 demyelinating autoimmune diseases

A
  • Guillain Barre Syndrome (peripheral demyleinating)

- Multiple Sclerosis

Neuroscience (32 decks)

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