Module 9- Vitamins Flashcards
Final Exam
Where are fat soluble vitamins found?
liver and fat cells
How long is the storage in the body for fat soluble vitamins (longer or shorter)?
longer period of time
How long is the storage in the body for water soluble vitamins?
shorter period of time
RAE
Retinal Activity Equivalent
Preformed Vitamin A
ready to use
Found in animal-based or fortified foods
Provitamin A
converted to active form as needed
- plant-based foods
Functions of Vitamin A
Crucial to normal vision
Early stages of deficiency of Vitamin A
Night blindness
reversible
long term vitamin A deficiency
- Xerophthalmia
- Permanent loss of vision
- disease resistance
- integrity of epithelial cells
- cell differentiation
- gene regulation
- bone metabolism -
Symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity include:
- liver damage
- birth defects
another name for Vitamin D
cholecalciferol
What is vitamin D classified as?
a vitamin, hormone, and steroid
Functions of Vitamin D
- Regulation of calcium metabolism
-stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium - stimulates calcium release from bone to …
- vitamin D stimulates cells of small intestine to produce calbindin
What does vitamin D stimulate to produce?
vitamin D stimulates cells of small intestine to produce calbindin
Where do we get our vitamin D from?
fortified foods
What are the steps the human body takes to make their own vitamin D?
- Cholesterol in skin combines with ultraviolet rays
- Converted into precursor of vitamin D
- Eventually makes it way to the kidneys
- converted to active form D3
Vitamin D deficiency in children
- Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency in adults
- Osteomalacia
Vitamin D toxicity
- not common
- occurs from overuse in supplements
- leads to the calcification of soft tissues
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea may occur
Where is Vitamin E found?
- Fat soluble vitamin found in cell membrane
What is the active form of Vitamin E?
tocopherols
Functions of Vitamin E
- acts as an antioxidant
- enhances immune function
- required for nerve cell development
As an antioxidant, vitamin E fights against:
- Vitamin E will donates an electron to neutralize free radicals
- Free radicals
Condition resulting from vitamin E deficiency?
Anemia
Vitamin C is the only vitamin where there is an increase need in who?
Smokers, because Vitamin C blocks Vitamin K
Vitamin C deficiency
- Scurvy
- Anemia
- Scorbutic Rosary
Scorbutic Rosary
malformation of connective tissue due to low collagen status.
What is the active form of Vitamin B1?
Thiamin
What is the RDA for Vitamin B1?
- 1.2 mg per day for males
- 1.1 mg per day for females
Thiamin deficiency occurs in?
alcoholics and malnourished individuals
Severe thiamin deficiency in alcoholics
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
What is the active form of Vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
RDA for Riboflavin:
- 1.3 mg per day for males
- 1.1 mg per day for females
Riboflavin deficiency frequently occurs in:
conjunction with other water-soluble vitamin deficiencies
What is the active form of Vitamin B3?
Niacin
What is the purpose of Vitamin B3?
Used in synthesis of fatty acids
RDA for Niacin?
- 16 mg per day for males
- 14 mg per day for females
Niacin deficiency:
Leads to a condition called:
- Pellagra: “the 4 D’s”
- diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
Niacin toxicity:
“Niacin flush”
What is the key function of Vitamin B6?
Transamination: synthesis of non-essential amino acids
What are other functions of Vitamin B6?
- Production of the neurotransmitter serotonin
- Hemoglobin synthesis
What is the active form of Vitamin B9?
Folate
Important functions of vitamin B9?
- Cell division
- Red blood cells synthesis
- Central nervous system formation during fetal development.
Folate deficiency:
- Macrocytic anemia- “Large cell” anemia
Folate deficiency during pregnancy and conception:
- Spina bifida: failure of spinal cord to close completely
- Anencephaly: lack of or incomplete development of brain and skull
> together these are known as Neural Tube defects
What is the active form of vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
