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NUTR 203 > Module 7- Metabolism > Flashcards

Module 7- Metabolism Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

Anabolism

A
  • Building body compounds
  • Thermodynamically unfavorable
  • Requires energy
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2
Q

Thermodynamically unfavorable

A

Requires a large amount of energy

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3
Q

Catabolism:

A
  • Breaking down body compounds
  • Releases energy
  • Thermodynamically favorable
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4
Q

Coupled Reaction:

A

Energy released from breakdown (hydrolysis) of reaction used to fuel second reaction (such as building)

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaking apart with water

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6
Q

Thermodynamically favorable

A

Does not require a lot of energy

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7
Q

Aerobic

A

requires oxygen

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8
Q

Ketabolism:

A

process of tissue breakdown that occurs during starvation ketosis

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9
Q

What is anabolism the process of?

A

process of building complex molecules from simpler ones

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10
Q

What is catabolism?

A

set of metabolic pathways that breaks down large molecules into smaller units

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11
Q

Is ATP concentration high or low?

A

SUPER high

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12
Q

Is ADP concentration high or low?

A

SUPER low

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13
Q

What does ATP turn into?

A

ADP

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14
Q

Is going from ATP to ADP favorable or unfavorable?

A

favorable because we always have way more ATP than we need

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15
Q

Glucose must go through what to get into the cell?

A

It has to through a GLUT transfer or GLUT4

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16
Q

Hexokinase

A

a coupled reaction, a regulatory step that traps glucose in the cell and turns it into Glucose 6 Phosphate

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17
Q

What does Glucose turn into when it enters the cell?

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate

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18
Q

What is a regulatory step?

A

It requires energy

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19
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

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20
Q

What does Cytosol contain?

A
  • Glycolysis occurs here
  • Anaerobic
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21
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Energy metabolism (“Powerhouse”)
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • Aerobic
  • Krebbs Cycle
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22
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Oxidated Phosphorylation

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23
Q

What does Oxidated Phosphorylation require?

A

Oxygen

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24
Q

What stabilizes a phosphate group?

A

Mg2+, the 2+ stabilizes the Beta and Gamma phosphate. It can shift over though leaving the Gamma exposed causing hydrolysis to occur.

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25
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Facilitators of metabolic reactions
  • Enzymes lower activation energy for these reactions to proceed.
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26
Q

Coenzymes

A
  • Organic
  • Associate with enzymes
    - NAD/NADH
    - Niacin
  • FAD/FADH2
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27
Q

NAD

A

Nicotine Amide Adenine dinucleotide

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28
Q

What vitamin is Niacin?

A

Niacin is the active form of Vitamin B3

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29
Q

What does Niacin turn into?

A

Niacin turns into NAD

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30
Q

What vitamin is FAD?

A

FAD is the active form of Vitamin Riboflavin

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31
Q

FAD/FADH2

A

Flavin-Amide-Adenine-dinucleotide

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32
Q

What is the end product of Glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate is the end product of Glycolysis

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33
Q

Pyruvate

A

A 3 Carbon compound

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34
Q

Acetyl CoA

A
  • universal energy substrate
  • 2 Carbon compound
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35
Q

Pyruvate converts into what?

A

Pyruvate requires oxygen to then turn into Acetyl CoA

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36
Q

High energy carriers

A

NADH or FADH2

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37
Q

What are ketogenic amino acids turned into?

A

ketones are formed

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38
Q

What are glucogenic amino acids turned into?

A

glucose is formed

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39
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

Energy metabolism that occurs after waking in the morning, at least 12 hours after the last meal.

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40
Q

What is the importance of BMR

A

BMR is the energy for functions that sustain life

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41
Q

How many Acetyl CoA can be obtained from one fatty acid?

A

8

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42
Q

What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis

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43
Q

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein synthesis

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44
Q

The liver makes sure there is enough glucose in the blood for what organ?

A

the brain

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45
Q

What is Acetyl CoA fuel for?

A

The Krebbs’s Cycle

46
Q

Red blood cells only use what?

A

glucose, because they do not have mitochondria

47
Q

What organ gives glucose to others?

A

the liver

48
Q

Where is glycolysis located?

A

In cytosol

49
Q

1 glucose= ?

A

2 pyruvate molecules

50
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic, it does not require oxygen

51
Q

Pyruvate can be converted back to what?

A

glucose

52
Q

The liver will use Acetyl CoA to make what?

A

ketones

53
Q

The brain will take ketones and turn them back into what?

A

Acetyl CoA which then begins the Kreb cycle.

54
Q

How many ATP are required to start glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

55
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis yield?

A

4 ATP, but net is 2 because 2 ATP were used to start

56
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate molecules

57
Q

Energy metabolism is part of what regulation?

A

Hormonal regulation

58
Q

Insulin is super what?

A

Anabolic, it requires energy

59
Q

Under fasted conditions in the liver what is happening?

A

Gluconeogenesis

60
Q

Under fasted conditions while making glucose what is the liver using as an energy source?

A

fatty acids

61
Q

Cori Cycle

A

converting pyruvate from glycolysis to lactate

62
Q

Is the Cori Cycle anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

63
Q

NADH is the active form of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B3

64
Q

For glycolysis to occur what is needed?

A

NAD+

65
Q

Dehydrogenase think of

A

NADH and FADH2

66
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

NADH

67
Q

NADH get converted back into what after it is produced by glycolysis?

A

NAD+, so the next glucose can use it, ensures to “keep the assembly line going”

68
Q

Lactic acid fermentation is

A

the fate of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions

69
Q

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, what enzyme does this?

A

PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)

70
Q

Triglycerides=

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

71
Q

Triglycerides can be converted into what?

A

Can be converted to glucose and pyruvate

72
Q

Kreb’s cycle is also known as what?

A

Cellular respiration

73
Q

Citric has how many carbons?

A

Citric is a 6-carbon compound

74
Q

We generate 1 FADH2 for one turn of?

A

The kreb cycle

75
Q

How many turns does the Kreb Cycle get from glucose?

A

2

76
Q

How many turns does the Kreb Cycle get ?from ATP

A

1

77
Q

How many turns does the Kreb Cycle get from NADH?

A

2

78
Q

When ATP is made in glycolysis and the Kreb Cycle, it is made through a process called?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

79
Q

What is the process called that makes the most ATP?

A

Oxidation phosphorylation

80
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Makes ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate

81
Q

How many times does substrate level phosphorylation occur?

A

2 times

82
Q

ATP is created the most where?

A

At the end of the electron transport chain, makes ATP from ADP and free floating phosphate.

83
Q

FAD is the active form of what vitamin?

A

B2 or Riboflvain

84
Q

Where does Ketogenesis occur?

A

liver

85
Q

What is the primary organ during fasted conditions?

A

liver

86
Q

What does the liver use for beta oxidation?

A

Acetyl CoA

87
Q

What is acetone?

A

A ketone that we don’t use for energy

88
Q

How many NADH are produced during glycolysis?

A

2

89
Q

How many pyruvates are made from glucose?

A

2

90
Q

How many Acetyl CoA are made from glucose?

A

2

91
Q

1 glucose molecule = (Kreb Cycle)

A

10 NADH
2 FADH2

92
Q

Where is FADH stuck?

A

Protein complex #2- Succinate Dehydrogenase

93
Q

What happens at protein complex #1?

A

Active form of vitamin B3 (NADH) comes here to be oxidized (broken down)

94
Q

Electrons are transported through the chain by

A

redox reactions

95
Q

Where is water made in the body?

A

The end of the electron transport chain

96
Q

Complex #1, 2, 3, 4 pump what?

A

Pump protons (hydrogen) into the intermembrane space

97
Q

Where does the electron transport chain end?

A

Complex #4, where water is made?

98
Q

What complex makes water?

A

Complex #4

99
Q

Where do protons flow through to reenter the matrix?

A

ATP synthase

100
Q

How many ATP do you get from FADH2?

A

2

101
Q

How many ATP are produced from NADH?

A

3

102
Q

What is the fuel for ATP synthase?

A

hydrogen

103
Q

Where is the PDH complex located?

A

mitochondrion matrix

104
Q

What comes out of the PDH complex?

A

Acetyl CoA

105
Q

What is produced from the PDH molecule?

A

NADH

106
Q

What are the two types of ATP production?

A
  • Oxidation Phosphorylation
  • Substrate Level Phosphorylation
107
Q

How many carbons is citrate?

A

6

108
Q

In a fed condition and energy demands have been met what is Acetyl CoA used to make?

A

Palmitic acid- 16 carbon chain

109
Q

When does lipogenesis occur?

A

During fed conditions

110
Q

During fed conditions glucose is stored as what?

A

Glycogen

111
Q
A

NUTR 203 (7 decks)

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