Module 7- Metabolism Flashcards
Exam 3
Anabolism
- Building body compounds
- Thermodynamically unfavorable
- Requires energy
Thermodynamically unfavorable
Requires a large amount of energy
Catabolism:
- Breaking down body compounds
- Releases energy
- Thermodynamically favorable
Coupled Reaction:
Energy released from breakdown (hydrolysis) of reaction used to fuel second reaction (such as building)
Hydrolysis
breaking apart with water
Thermodynamically favorable
Does not require a lot of energy
Aerobic
requires oxygen
Ketabolism:
process of tissue breakdown that occurs during starvation ketosis
What is anabolism the process of?
process of building complex molecules from simpler ones
What is catabolism?
set of metabolic pathways that breaks down large molecules into smaller units
Is ATP concentration high or low?
SUPER high
Is ADP concentration high or low?
SUPER low
What does ATP turn into?
ADP
Is going from ATP to ADP favorable or unfavorable?
favorable because we always have way more ATP than we need
Glucose must go through what to get into the cell?
It has to through a GLUT transfer or GLUT4
Hexokinase
a coupled reaction, a regulatory step that traps glucose in the cell and turns it into Glucose 6 Phosphate
What does Glucose turn into when it enters the cell?
Glucose 6 Phosphate
What is a regulatory step?
It requires energy
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA
What does Cytosol contain?
- Glycolysis occurs here
- Anaerobic
Mitochondria
- Energy metabolism (“Powerhouse”)
- Electron Transport Chain
- Aerobic
- Krebbs Cycle
What is the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxidated Phosphorylation
What does Oxidated Phosphorylation require?
Oxygen
What stabilizes a phosphate group?
Mg2+, the 2+ stabilizes the Beta and Gamma phosphate. It can shift over though leaving the Gamma exposed causing hydrolysis to occur.
Enzymes
- Facilitators of metabolic reactions
- Enzymes lower activation energy for these reactions to proceed.
Coenzymes
- Organic
- Associate with enzymes
- NAD/NADH
- Niacin - FAD/FADH2
NAD
Nicotine Amide Adenine dinucleotide
What vitamin is Niacin?
Niacin is the active form of Vitamin B3
What does Niacin turn into?
Niacin turns into NAD
What vitamin is FAD?
FAD is the active form of Vitamin Riboflavin
FAD/FADH2
Flavin-Amide-Adenine-dinucleotide
What is the end product of Glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate is the end product of Glycolysis
Pyruvate
A 3 Carbon compound
Acetyl CoA
- universal energy substrate
- 2 Carbon compound
Pyruvate converts into what?
Pyruvate requires oxygen to then turn into Acetyl CoA
High energy carriers
NADH or FADH2
What are ketogenic amino acids turned into?
ketones are formed
What are glucogenic amino acids turned into?
glucose is formed
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Energy metabolism that occurs after waking in the morning, at least 12 hours after the last meal.
What is the importance of BMR
BMR is the energy for functions that sustain life
How many Acetyl CoA can be obtained from one fatty acid?
8
What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid synthesis
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Protein synthesis
The liver makes sure there is enough glucose in the blood for what organ?
the brain
What is Acetyl CoA fuel for?
The Krebbs’s Cycle
Red blood cells only use what?
glucose, because they do not have mitochondria
What organ gives glucose to others?
the liver
Where is glycolysis located?
In cytosol
1 glucose= ?
2 pyruvate molecules
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic, it does not require oxygen
Pyruvate can be converted back to what?
glucose
The liver will use Acetyl CoA to make what?
ketones
The brain will take ketones and turn them back into what?
Acetyl CoA which then begins the Kreb cycle.
How many ATP are required to start glycolysis?
2 ATP
How many ATP does glycolysis yield?
4 ATP, but net is 2 because 2 ATP were used to start
What does glycolysis produce?
Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate molecules
Energy metabolism is part of what regulation?
Hormonal regulation
Insulin is super what?
Anabolic, it requires energy
Under fasted conditions in the liver what is happening?
Gluconeogenesis
Under fasted conditions while making glucose what is the liver using as an energy source?
fatty acids
Cori Cycle
converting pyruvate from glycolysis to lactate
Is the Cori Cycle anaerobic or aerobic?
Anaerobic
NADH is the active form of what vitamin?
Vitamin B3
For glycolysis to occur what is needed?
NAD+
Dehydrogenase think of
NADH and FADH2
What does glycolysis produce?
NADH
NADH get converted back into what after it is produced by glycolysis?
NAD+, so the next glucose can use it, ensures to “keep the assembly line going”
Lactic acid fermentation is
the fate of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, what enzyme does this?
PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
Triglycerides=
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Triglycerides can be converted into what?
Can be converted to glucose and pyruvate
Kreb’s cycle is also known as what?
Cellular respiration
Citric has how many carbons?
Citric is a 6-carbon compound
We generate 1 FADH2 for one turn of?
The kreb cycle
How many turns does the Kreb Cycle get from glucose?
2
How many turns does the Kreb Cycle get ?from ATP
1
How many turns does the Kreb Cycle get from NADH?
2
When ATP is made in glycolysis and the Kreb Cycle, it is made through a process called?
Substrate level phosphorylation
What is the process called that makes the most ATP?
Oxidation phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation
Makes ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate
How many times does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
2 times
ATP is created the most where?
At the end of the electron transport chain, makes ATP from ADP and free floating phosphate.
FAD is the active form of what vitamin?
B2 or Riboflvain
Where does Ketogenesis occur?
liver
What is the primary organ during fasted conditions?
liver
What does the liver use for beta oxidation?
Acetyl CoA
What is acetone?
A ketone that we don’t use for energy
How many NADH are produced during glycolysis?
2
How many pyruvates are made from glucose?
2
How many Acetyl CoA are made from glucose?
2
1 glucose molecule = (Kreb Cycle)
10 NADH
2 FADH2
Where is FADH stuck?
Protein complex #2- Succinate Dehydrogenase
What happens at protein complex #1?
Active form of vitamin B3 (NADH) comes here to be oxidized (broken down)
Electrons are transported through the chain by
redox reactions
Where is water made in the body?
The end of the electron transport chain
Complex #1, 2, 3, 4 pump what?
Pump protons (hydrogen) into the intermembrane space
Where does the electron transport chain end?
Complex #4, where water is made?
What complex makes water?
Complex #4
Where do protons flow through to reenter the matrix?
ATP synthase
How many ATP do you get from FADH2?
2
How many ATP are produced from NADH?
3
What is the fuel for ATP synthase?
hydrogen
Where is the PDH complex located?
mitochondrion matrix
What comes out of the PDH complex?
Acetyl CoA
What is produced from the PDH molecule?
NADH
What are the two types of ATP production?
- Oxidation Phosphorylation
- Substrate Level Phosphorylation
How many carbons is citrate?
6
In a fed condition and energy demands have been met what is Acetyl CoA used to make?
Palmitic acid- 16 carbon chain
When does lipogenesis occur?
During fed conditions
During fed conditions glucose is stored as what?
Glycogen
