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NUTR 203 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What does Glucagon bring up?

A

Glucagon brings glucose levels up.

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2
Q

Where is fat stored?

A

Fat is stored in Triglycerides

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3
Q

What is insulin’s objective?

A

Insulin brings glucose levels down

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4
Q

What is the only thing Glucagon acts on?

A

Glucagon only acts on the liver

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5
Q

If the body is low on glucose and insulin, what will it use as an energy source?

A

When glucose and insulin are low, the body starts to use protein as an energy source.

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6
Q

What makes Insulin and Glucagon?

A

The pancreas makes glucagon and insulin.

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7
Q

What cells make up Glucagon?

A

Glucagon is made up of alpha cells

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8
Q

What cells make up Insulin?

A

Insulin is made of Beta cells

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9
Q

What is GNG?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis (GNG) made from?

A

Gluconeogenesis is made from non-carbohydrate sources.

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11
Q

What are 3 main energy sources vital to the body?

A
  1. Carbs- Glucagon
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Protein- comes from the muscle
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12
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue.

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13
Q

What are the 2 categories of Amino Acids?

A

Category 1: Glucogenic Amino Acids
Category 2: Ketogenic Amino Acids

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14
Q

What is Glucogenic amino acid’s function?

A

“Glucose making amino acids”

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15
Q

What is Ketogenic amino acid’s function?

A

“Keto making amino acids”

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16
Q

What does the liver do with amino acids?

A

The liver uses and remodels the amino acids to make Glucose

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17
Q

What is Alanine?

A

an amino acid that is vital in the glucose-alanine cycle to produce muscle fuel.

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18
Q

What hormones are released while being fasted?

A

-Glucose
-Epinephrin
-Adrenaline
-Norepinephrine
-Noradrenaline
-Cortisol

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19
Q

What is cortisol expressed by?

A

Cortisol is expressed by the adrenal glands

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20
Q

Are epinephrine and adrenaline the same?

A

Epinephrine and adrenaline are the same and have the same function. They are expressed in different areas of the body

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21
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

fat burning in the body

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22
Q

What does cortisol destroy in the body?

A

Cortisol destroys protein and ultimately breaks down muscle in the body.

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23
Q

What two organs produce glucose?

A

The liver and kidneys produce glucose

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24
Q

How much of the glucose does the liver make?

A

The liver makes 90% of glucose in the body

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25
Q

How much of the glucose does the kidneys make?

A

The kidneys make ~10% of glucose in the body

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26
Q

What is Acetyl CoA?

A

A 2-carbon chain molecule

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27
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, is the universal energy substrate

28
Q

What is pyruvate’s process? What does it travel through and turn into?

A

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and then converts in Acetyl CoA, from a 3-carbon molecule to a 2-carbon molecule.

29
Q

What is Riboflavin?

A

Vitamin B2

30
Q

What is ketosis?

A

Elevated ketones in the blood due to the body not having enough carbohydrates and insulin decreases.

31
Q

What is the normal blood glucose level?

A

70-120 mg/dL

32
Q

What is secreted when glucose levels are too high?

A

Insulin is secreted when glucose levels are too high

33
Q

What is secreted when glucose levels are too low?

A

Glucagon is secreted when glucose levels are too low

34
Q

What does glucagon trigger?

A

Glucagon being secreted causes Gluconeogenesis

35
Q

Why does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

Gluconeogenesis occurs when blood glucose levels are too low.

36
Q

What is pre-diabetes?

A

State of impaired glucose intolerance leading to blood glucose levels being too high.

37
Q

What occurs if pre-diabetes if left untreated?

A

If pre-diabetes is not treated, diabetes can occur down the line.

38
Q

Who is typically diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Children are typically diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

39
Q

What is the pancreas unable to do during Type 1 Diabetes?

A

The pancreas is unable to produce insulin during type 1 diabetes

40
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes considered as?

A

Type 1 Diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease.

41
Q

What happens with cells during Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Cells are insulin resistant during Type 2 Diabetes.

42
Q

What is the greatest risk factor of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Being overweight or overweight are the greatest risk factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

43
Q

What is happening with fatty acids during Type 2 Diabetes?

A

There are far more fatty acids in circulation during Type 2 Diabetes.

44
Q

What happens with adipose tissue and muscle during Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Muscle and adipose tissue are insulin sensitive and insulin acts on these, they use GLUT4 which are also insulin resistant

45
Q

What does adipose tissue release?

A

Adipose tissue releases estrogen, so the more there is the more estrogen is secreted.

46
Q

What are the risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2DM)?

A
  • Overweight or obesity
  • Family history
  • Physical Inactivity
  • PCOS
47
Q

What are the complications of diabetes?

A
  • Increased risk for coronary heart disease
  • High blood pressure
  • Water loss as kidneys try to eliminate excess glucose
  • Polyurea (frequent urination)
  • Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
48
Q

What are the complications of Gestational Diabetes in infants?

A

The complications of Gestational Diabetes in infants is a high birth weight (macrosamia).

49
Q

Human Placental Lactogen

A

A high level of this in the mother could show signs of Diabetes.

50
Q

What are dietary fibers resistant to?

A

Dietary fibers are resistant to digestive enzymes.

51
Q

What are dietary fibers mostly composed of?

A

Dietary fibers are mostly composed of polysaccharides

52
Q

What are the two types of fiber?

A

Soluble and Insoluble Fiber

53
Q

What is soluble fiber?

A
  • Can dissolve in water
  • Binds to bile in the intestine (binds to cholesterol)
  • Can aid in lowering blood cholesterol
  • May reduce risk of heart disease
  • Can bind to lipids
54
Q

What does soluble fiber bind to?

A

Lipids and bile in the intestine

55
Q

What does soluble fiber aid in?

A

Soluble fiber aids in lowering blood cholesterol .

56
Q

What can insoluble fiber not be dissolved in?

A

Insoluble fiber cannot be dissolved in water

57
Q

What is insoluble fiber composed of?

A

Insoluble fiber is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and ligin

58
Q

What does insoluble fiber decrease?

A

Insoluble fiber decreases transit time

59
Q

What are the health benefits of dietary fiber?

A
  • Assists with bowel regularity
  • Reduces constipation
  • Reduced risk of diverticulosis
60
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

weakening of the colon walls

61
Q

What does fiber act like in the GI tract?

A

Fiber acts as an exfoliator in the GI tract

62
Q

What decreases when there is an overabsorption of fiber?

A

There is a decreased absorption of calcium, zinc, copper, and iron

63
Q

What can overconsuming fiber cause a person to have?

A

When someone overconsumes fiber this can cause diarrhea and dehydration

64
Q

What are the most widely consumed grains in the US?

A

Wheat, rye, and barley

65
Q

Some people who eat wheat and digest it have a problem with what?

A

Some people have an allergic reaction to the protein gluten.

66
Q

What can carbohydrates adhere to in the body?

A

Carbs can adhere to the enamel of teeth.

67
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

a chemical produced by the body when it breaks down carbohydrates for energy, especially when oxygen levels are low.

NUTR 203 (7 decks)

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