Module 4 Flashcards
Exam 2
What does Glucagon bring up?
Glucagon brings glucose levels up.
Where is fat stored?
Fat is stored in Triglycerides
What is insulin’s objective?
Insulin brings glucose levels down
What is the only thing Glucagon acts on?
Glucagon only acts on the liver
If the body is low on glucose and insulin, what will it use as an energy source?
When glucose and insulin are low, the body starts to use protein as an energy source.
What makes Insulin and Glucagon?
The pancreas makes glucagon and insulin.
What cells make up Glucagon?
Glucagon is made up of alpha cells
What cells make up Insulin?
Insulin is made of Beta cells
What is GNG?
Gluconeogenesis
What is Gluconeogenesis (GNG) made from?
Gluconeogenesis is made from non-carbohydrate sources.
What are 3 main energy sources vital to the body?
- Carbs- Glucagon
- Triglycerides
- Protein- comes from the muscle
Where are triglycerides stored?
Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue.
What are the 2 categories of Amino Acids?
Category 1: Glucogenic Amino Acids
Category 2: Ketogenic Amino Acids
What is Glucogenic amino acid’s function?
“Glucose making amino acids”
What is Ketogenic amino acid’s function?
“Keto making amino acids”
What does the liver do with amino acids?
The liver uses and remodels the amino acids to make Glucose
What is Alanine?
an amino acid that is vital in the glucose-alanine cycle to produce muscle fuel.
What hormones are released while being fasted?
-Glucose
-Epinephrin
-Adrenaline
-Norepinephrine
-Noradrenaline
-Cortisol
What is cortisol expressed by?
Cortisol is expressed by the adrenal glands
Are epinephrine and adrenaline the same?
Epinephrine and adrenaline are the same and have the same function. They are expressed in different areas of the body
What is beta oxidation?
fat burning in the body
What does cortisol destroy in the body?
Cortisol destroys protein and ultimately breaks down muscle in the body.
What two organs produce glucose?
The liver and kidneys produce glucose
How much of the glucose does the liver make?
The liver makes 90% of glucose in the body
How much of the glucose does the kidneys make?
The kidneys make ~10% of glucose in the body
What is Acetyl CoA?
A 2-carbon chain molecule
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, is the universal energy substrate
What is pyruvate’s process? What does it travel through and turn into?
Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and then converts in Acetyl CoA, from a 3-carbon molecule to a 2-carbon molecule.
What is Riboflavin?
Vitamin B2
What is ketosis?
Elevated ketones in the blood due to the body not having enough carbohydrates and insulin decreases.
What is the normal blood glucose level?
70-120 mg/dL
What is secreted when glucose levels are too high?
Insulin is secreted when glucose levels are too high
What is secreted when glucose levels are too low?
Glucagon is secreted when glucose levels are too low
What does glucagon trigger?
Glucagon being secreted causes Gluconeogenesis
Why does gluconeogenesis occur?
Gluconeogenesis occurs when blood glucose levels are too low.
What is pre-diabetes?
State of impaired glucose intolerance leading to blood glucose levels being too high.
What occurs if pre-diabetes if left untreated?
If pre-diabetes is not treated, diabetes can occur down the line.
Who is typically diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Children are typically diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
What is the pancreas unable to do during Type 1 Diabetes?
The pancreas is unable to produce insulin during type 1 diabetes
What is Type 1 Diabetes considered as?
Type 1 Diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease.
What happens with cells during Type 2 Diabetes?
Cells are insulin resistant during Type 2 Diabetes.
What is the greatest risk factor of Type 2 Diabetes?
Being overweight or overweight are the greatest risk factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
What is happening with fatty acids during Type 2 Diabetes?
There are far more fatty acids in circulation during Type 2 Diabetes.
What happens with adipose tissue and muscle during Type 2 Diabetes?
Muscle and adipose tissue are insulin sensitive and insulin acts on these, they use GLUT4 which are also insulin resistant
What does adipose tissue release?
Adipose tissue releases estrogen, so the more there is the more estrogen is secreted.
What are the risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2DM)?
- Overweight or obesity
- Family history
- Physical Inactivity
- PCOS
What are the complications of diabetes?
- Increased risk for coronary heart disease
- High blood pressure
- Water loss as kidneys try to eliminate excess glucose
- Polyurea (frequent urination)
- Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
What are the complications of Gestational Diabetes in infants?
The complications of Gestational Diabetes in infants is a high birth weight (macrosamia).
Human Placental Lactogen
A high level of this in the mother could show signs of Diabetes.
What are dietary fibers resistant to?
Dietary fibers are resistant to digestive enzymes.
What are dietary fibers mostly composed of?
Dietary fibers are mostly composed of polysaccharides
What are the two types of fiber?
Soluble and Insoluble Fiber
What is soluble fiber?
- Can dissolve in water
- Binds to bile in the intestine (binds to cholesterol)
- Can aid in lowering blood cholesterol
- May reduce risk of heart disease
- Can bind to lipids
What does soluble fiber bind to?
Lipids and bile in the intestine
What does soluble fiber aid in?
Soluble fiber aids in lowering blood cholesterol .
What can insoluble fiber not be dissolved in?
Insoluble fiber cannot be dissolved in water
What is insoluble fiber composed of?
Insoluble fiber is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and ligin
What does insoluble fiber decrease?
Insoluble fiber decreases transit time
What are the health benefits of dietary fiber?
- Assists with bowel regularity
- Reduces constipation
- Reduced risk of diverticulosis
What is diverticulosis?
weakening of the colon walls
What does fiber act like in the GI tract?
Fiber acts as an exfoliator in the GI tract
What decreases when there is an overabsorption of fiber?
There is a decreased absorption of calcium, zinc, copper, and iron
What can overconsuming fiber cause a person to have?
When someone overconsumes fiber this can cause diarrhea and dehydration
What are the most widely consumed grains in the US?
Wheat, rye, and barley
Some people who eat wheat and digest it have a problem with what?
Some people have an allergic reaction to the protein gluten.
What can carbohydrates adhere to in the body?
Carbs can adhere to the enamel of teeth.
What is lactic acid?
a chemical produced by the body when it breaks down carbohydrates for energy, especially when oxygen levels are low.
