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NUTR 203 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What are lipids?

A

substances that are soluble in organic solvents

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2
Q

What are the 3 major categories of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Sterols
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3
Q

What is a residue?

A

An individual monomer

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4
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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5
Q

What can lipids not do?

A

Lipids cannot be polymerized like carbohydrates can

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6
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

a chain of carbons linked together

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7
Q

What do fatty acids contain?

A

Fatty acids contain a carboxyl group on one end and a methyl group on the other end

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8
Q

Is carboxyl hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

(COOH) carboxyl is hydrophilic

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9
Q

Is methyl hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Methyl (CH3) is hydrophobic

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10
Q

What are fatty acids composed of?

A

Fatty acids are composed of phospholipids and triglycerides

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11
Q

What is dehydration synthesis? (making something)

A

Water is released; water molecule is formed and released as a byproduct

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12
Q

What is happening during synthesizing?

A

during synthesizing, water is being removed

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13
Q

What is Fatty Acid Saturation?

A

refers to whether carbon chain is occupied by all of the hydrogen atoms it can hold.

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14
Q

What does carbon have to acquire for something to be a Saturated Fatty Acid?

A

Carbon has to have 4 bonds for something to be considered a saturated fatty acid.

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15
Q

How do Saturated Fatty Acids stack?

A

Saturated fatty acids stack well because of their linear shape.

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16
Q

What has to be acquired to be classified as an Unsaturated Fatty Acid?

A

Fatty acid with one or more double bonds

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17
Q

What state is saturated fatty acid at room temp?

A

Solid

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18
Q

What state is monosaturated fatty acid at room temp?

A

Liquid

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19
Q

What state is polyunsaturated fatty acids at room temp?

A

Liquid

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20
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

Fatty acid with one double bond

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21
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fat?

A

Fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds

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22
Q

What is ALA?

A
  • Alpha linoleic acid
  • Parent Omega-3 fatty acid
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23
Q

What is linoleic acid?

A

Parent Omega-6 fatty acid

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24
Q

What type of fatty acid is ALA (Alpha linolenic acid)?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

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25
Q

What type of fatty acid is linoleic acid?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

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26
Q

What do short chain fatty acids assist with?

A

maintaining homeostasis of lipids

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27
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

these are lipids that cannot be made by the body.

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28
Q

What are the two families of fatty acids?

A

Omega-6 & Linoleic acid

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29
Q

What end is the carboxyl group on the omega?

A

Alpha end

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30
Q

What end is the methyl group on the omega?

A

Beta end

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31
Q

What is Omega-6 a precursor to?

A

Omega-6 is a precursor to compounds involved in reproduction

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32
Q

Where is Omega-6 incorporated?

A

Omega-6 is incorporated into the cell membrane

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33
Q

What does Omega-3 help prevent?

A

Omega-3 helps prevent tissue inflammation, heart disease, and blood clot formation

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34
Q

Where is Omega-3 located?

A

Omega-3 is located in the cell membrane

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35
Q

Do we need to consume more Omega-3 or Omega-6 fatty acid?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids need to be more consumed

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36
Q

What is the most biological form of Omega-3?

A
  • Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)
  • Docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
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37
Q

Is the conversion rate for Omega- 3 to become EPA then DHA higher or lower?

A

The conversion for Omega-3 obtaining its most biological form is very low

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38
Q

What can Omega-3 improve?

A

Omega-3 can improve insulin sensitivity

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39
Q

What can Omega-3 aid in?

A

Omega-3 can aid in cellular respiration

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40
Q

What does Omega-3 promote?

A

Omega-3 promotes beta-oxidation

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41
Q

How many servings of cold-water fish are required per week?

A

2 servings/week are recommended for cold-water fish

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42
Q

What is the recommended ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids?

A

4:1- 4 parts Omega-6 to 1 part Omega-3

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43
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats

44
Q

What are some common diet sources of hydrogenation?

A

cake, cookies, crackers, margarine

45
Q

What is a trans fatty acid (man-made/synthetic)?

A

Trans fatty acids are produced through adding hydrogen atoms to double bonds of fatty acids

46
Q

What is the difference between a cis and trans fatty acid?

A
  • a cis fatty acid has hydrogen in the same place as the double bond
  • trans gets created during hydrogenation
47
Q

What is associated with dietary trans fatty acids from hydrogenation?

A
  • increased levels of “bad” or low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
  • reduced levels of “good” or high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
  • increased risk of heart disease
48
Q

What is a triglyceride composed of?

A

Triglycerides are composed of a three-carbon glycerol backbone
- three fatty acids

49
Q

What is the primary form of lipid found in food and in the body?

A

Triglycerides are the primary form of lipid found in food and in the body

50
Q

What happens when we consume too many unsaturated fats?

A

These unsaturated fats have to compete for more room in the triglycerides

51
Q

What do phospholipids assist with?

A

Phospholipids assist the body with transporting fat through watery substances

52
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A

Phospholipids are composed of a 3-carbon glycerol backbone

53
Q

Why do lipoproteins utilize phospholipids?

A

Lipoproteins utilize phospholipids due to their ability to emulsify

54
Q

Is the phosphate head hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

55
Q

Is the phosphate tail hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

56
Q

What do sterols include?

A

Sterols include cholesterol

57
Q

Where are sterols found?

A

Sterols are found in testosterone

58
Q

What are sterols used to make?

A

Sterols are used to make estrogen and vitamin D

59
Q

What is Vitamin D classified as?

A

Vitamin D is classified as a vitamin and a hormone

60
Q

What makes the most cholesterol in the body?

A

The liver produces the most cholesterol in the body

61
Q

What fats do you want to stay away from?

A

Stay away from saturated and trans fat

62
Q

What is the primary energy source for the heart?

A

Lipids are the primary energy source for the heart

63
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids?

A
  • linoleic acid: Omega-6 (Parent)
  • linolenic acid: Omega-3 (Parent)
64
Q

What is linoleic and linolenic acid a precursor to?

A

Linoleic and linolenic acid are both precursors to eicosanoids that have powerful physiological effects on the body

65
Q

What is fat required for the absorption of?

A

Fat is required for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K

66
Q

When does absorption in the body decrease?

A

absorption decreases when there is incomplete fat absorption or fat malabsorption

67
Q

What precursors are associated with cholesterol?

A
  • estrogen
  • testosterone
  • aldosterone
68
Q

What provides the greatest level of satiety?

A

Protein provides the greatest level of satiety

69
Q

What causes satiety besides protein?

A

Fiber causes satiety

70
Q

Where is the only place cholesterol can be obtained from the diet?

A

Cholesterol can only be found in animal products

71
Q

What is an example of a fat blocker?

A

They inhibit digestive enzymes, pancreatic lipase that breaks down triglycerides

72
Q

What are fat blockers?

A

Fat blockers disrupt intestinal fat absorption

73
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is a primary type of heart disease linked with fat intake

74
Q

What does a person exhibit with Atherosclerosis?

A

A person would have a buildup of fatty deposits and streaks in the arteries

75
Q

What is ischemia ?

A

Ischemia is reduced blood flow to areas of the heart

76
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle also known as a heart attack

77
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

A

Round particles of fat and proteins that travel in the bloodstream and to cells throughout the body

78
Q

What are two types of lipids found in lipoproteins?

A

Cholesterol and triglycerides are 2 lipids found in lipoprotein

79
Q

What 4 types of lipoproteins does blood contain?

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL’s
  3. LDL’s
  4. HDL’s
80
Q

What do Chylomicron, VLDL’s, and LDL’s interact with?

A

These all interact with HDL’s

81
Q

What is HDL’ s function?

A

HDL stores and exchanges protein

82
Q

What do VLDL’s transport?

A

VLDL’s transport endogenous fats

83
Q

Where are Chylomicrons made?

A

Chylomicrons are made in the cells of the small intestine

84
Q

What do Chylomicrons transport?

A

Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids to the liver

85
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Making endogenous fat

86
Q

Where does lipogenesis occur?

A

Lipogenesis occurs in the liver

87
Q

What is IDL?

A

Intermediate lipoprotein

88
Q

What is VLDL?

A

Very-low-density-lipoproteins

89
Q

What new identity does VLDL take on?

A

It takes on the identity of IDL

90
Q

What does VLDL not give away?

A

VLDL does not give away cholesterol

91
Q

When does VLDL turn into IDL?

A

VLDL turns into IDL after it gives away triglycerides

92
Q

What is LDL?

A

Low-density-lipoprotein

93
Q

When are LDL’s formed?

A

LDLs are formed after VLDL’s deposit triglycerides into other tissues

94
Q

What type of cholesterol does LDL deliver?

A

“bad cholesterol”

95
Q

What does LDL give away?

A

LDL gives away cholesterol

96
Q

What is HDL?

A

High-density-lipoprotein

97
Q

Where are HDL’s made?

A

HDL is made in the liver, but also some in the small intestine

98
Q

What does HDL remove from cells?

A

HDL removes excess cholesterol from the cells

99
Q

What does the liver turn cholesterol into?

A

The liver turns cholesterol into bile

100
Q

After HDL removes the excess cholesterol where does it give it back?

A

HDL gives cholesterol back to LDL and also takes some back to the liver

101
Q

Apoprotein

A

proteins in lipoproteins

102
Q

What is Nascent Chylomicron?

A

Nascent Chylomicron are particles that are formed in the small intestine and are the precursors to mature chylomicrons

103
Q

What is the % of daily calories an adult should consume in a day from fat?

A

20-35% of daily calories from fat

104
Q

What is the % of daily calories children under age 2 should consume in a day from fat?

A
  • 30-35% of daily calories should be from fat
  • saturated fat should be less than or equal to 10% of total calories
105
Q

What should saturated fat be replaced with for children under age 2?

A

Saturated fat should be replaced with polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fatty acids

106
Q

What is considered to be a light drinker?

A
  • 1-2 drinks for males daily
  • 1 drink for females daily
107
Q
A

NUTR 203 (7 decks)

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