Module 5 Flashcards
Exam 2
What are lipids?
substances that are soluble in organic solvents
What are the 3 major categories of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Sterols
What is a residue?
An individual monomer
What are lipids composed of?
Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What can lipids not do?
Lipids cannot be polymerized like carbohydrates can
What are fatty acids?
a chain of carbons linked together
What do fatty acids contain?
Fatty acids contain a carboxyl group on one end and a methyl group on the other end
Is carboxyl hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
(COOH) carboxyl is hydrophilic
Is methyl hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Methyl (CH3) is hydrophobic
What are fatty acids composed of?
Fatty acids are composed of phospholipids and triglycerides
What is dehydration synthesis? (making something)
Water is released; water molecule is formed and released as a byproduct
What is happening during synthesizing?
during synthesizing, water is being removed
What is Fatty Acid Saturation?
refers to whether carbon chain is occupied by all of the hydrogen atoms it can hold.
What does carbon have to acquire for something to be a Saturated Fatty Acid?
Carbon has to have 4 bonds for something to be considered a saturated fatty acid.
How do Saturated Fatty Acids stack?
Saturated fatty acids stack well because of their linear shape.
What has to be acquired to be classified as an Unsaturated Fatty Acid?
Fatty acid with one or more double bonds
What state is saturated fatty acid at room temp?
Solid
What state is monosaturated fatty acid at room temp?
Liquid
What state is polyunsaturated fatty acids at room temp?
Liquid
What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
Fatty acid with one double bond
What is a polyunsaturated fat?
Fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds
What is ALA?
- Alpha linoleic acid
- Parent Omega-3 fatty acid
What is linoleic acid?
Parent Omega-6 fatty acid
What type of fatty acid is ALA (Alpha linolenic acid)?
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
What type of fatty acid is linoleic acid?
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
What do short chain fatty acids assist with?
maintaining homeostasis of lipids
What are essential fatty acids?
these are lipids that cannot be made by the body.
What are the two families of fatty acids?
Omega-6 & Linoleic acid
What end is the carboxyl group on the omega?
Alpha end
What end is the methyl group on the omega?
Beta end
What is Omega-6 a precursor to?
Omega-6 is a precursor to compounds involved in reproduction
Where is Omega-6 incorporated?
Omega-6 is incorporated into the cell membrane
What does Omega-3 help prevent?
Omega-3 helps prevent tissue inflammation, heart disease, and blood clot formation
Where is Omega-3 located?
Omega-3 is located in the cell membrane
Do we need to consume more Omega-3 or Omega-6 fatty acid?
Omega-3 fatty acids need to be more consumed
What is the most biological form of Omega-3?
- Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)
- Docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
Is the conversion rate for Omega- 3 to become EPA then DHA higher or lower?
The conversion for Omega-3 obtaining its most biological form is very low
What can Omega-3 improve?
Omega-3 can improve insulin sensitivity
What can Omega-3 aid in?
Omega-3 can aid in cellular respiration
What does Omega-3 promote?
Omega-3 promotes beta-oxidation
How many servings of cold-water fish are required per week?
2 servings/week are recommended for cold-water fish
What is the recommended ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids?
4:1- 4 parts Omega-6 to 1 part Omega-3
What is hydrogenation?
adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats
What are some common diet sources of hydrogenation?
cake, cookies, crackers, margarine
What is a trans fatty acid (man-made/synthetic)?
Trans fatty acids are produced through adding hydrogen atoms to double bonds of fatty acids
What is the difference between a cis and trans fatty acid?
- a cis fatty acid has hydrogen in the same place as the double bond
- trans gets created during hydrogenation
What is associated with dietary trans fatty acids from hydrogenation?
- increased levels of “bad” or low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- reduced levels of “good” or high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- increased risk of heart disease
What is a triglyceride composed of?
Triglycerides are composed of a three-carbon glycerol backbone
- three fatty acids
What is the primary form of lipid found in food and in the body?
Triglycerides are the primary form of lipid found in food and in the body
What happens when we consume too many unsaturated fats?
These unsaturated fats have to compete for more room in the triglycerides
What do phospholipids assist with?
Phospholipids assist the body with transporting fat through watery substances
What are phospholipids composed of?
Phospholipids are composed of a 3-carbon glycerol backbone
Why do lipoproteins utilize phospholipids?
Lipoproteins utilize phospholipids due to their ability to emulsify
Is the phosphate head hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
Is the phosphate tail hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
What do sterols include?
Sterols include cholesterol
Where are sterols found?
Sterols are found in testosterone
What are sterols used to make?
Sterols are used to make estrogen and vitamin D
What is Vitamin D classified as?
Vitamin D is classified as a vitamin and a hormone
What makes the most cholesterol in the body?
The liver produces the most cholesterol in the body
What fats do you want to stay away from?
Stay away from saturated and trans fat
What is the primary energy source for the heart?
Lipids are the primary energy source for the heart
What are the two essential fatty acids?
- linoleic acid: Omega-6 (Parent)
- linolenic acid: Omega-3 (Parent)
What is linoleic and linolenic acid a precursor to?
Linoleic and linolenic acid are both precursors to eicosanoids that have powerful physiological effects on the body
What is fat required for the absorption of?
Fat is required for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K
When does absorption in the body decrease?
absorption decreases when there is incomplete fat absorption or fat malabsorption
What precursors are associated with cholesterol?
- estrogen
- testosterone
- aldosterone
What provides the greatest level of satiety?
Protein provides the greatest level of satiety
What causes satiety besides protein?
Fiber causes satiety
Where is the only place cholesterol can be obtained from the diet?
Cholesterol can only be found in animal products
What is an example of a fat blocker?
They inhibit digestive enzymes, pancreatic lipase that breaks down triglycerides
What are fat blockers?
Fat blockers disrupt intestinal fat absorption
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a primary type of heart disease linked with fat intake
What does a person exhibit with Atherosclerosis?
A person would have a buildup of fatty deposits and streaks in the arteries
What is ischemia ?
Ischemia is reduced blood flow to areas of the heart
What is myocardial infarction?
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle also known as a heart attack
What is a lipoprotein?
Round particles of fat and proteins that travel in the bloodstream and to cells throughout the body
What are two types of lipids found in lipoproteins?
Cholesterol and triglycerides are 2 lipids found in lipoprotein
What 4 types of lipoproteins does blood contain?
- Chylomicrons
- VLDL’s
- LDL’s
- HDL’s
What do Chylomicron, VLDL’s, and LDL’s interact with?
These all interact with HDL’s
What is HDL’ s function?
HDL stores and exchanges protein
What do VLDL’s transport?
VLDL’s transport endogenous fats
Where are Chylomicrons made?
Chylomicrons are made in the cells of the small intestine
What do Chylomicrons transport?
Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids to the liver
What is lipogenesis?
Making endogenous fat
Where does lipogenesis occur?
Lipogenesis occurs in the liver
What is IDL?
Intermediate lipoprotein
What is VLDL?
Very-low-density-lipoproteins
What new identity does VLDL take on?
It takes on the identity of IDL
What does VLDL not give away?
VLDL does not give away cholesterol
When does VLDL turn into IDL?
VLDL turns into IDL after it gives away triglycerides
What is LDL?
Low-density-lipoprotein
When are LDL’s formed?
LDLs are formed after VLDL’s deposit triglycerides into other tissues
What type of cholesterol does LDL deliver?
“bad cholesterol”
What does LDL give away?
LDL gives away cholesterol
What is HDL?
High-density-lipoprotein
Where are HDL’s made?
HDL is made in the liver, but also some in the small intestine
What does HDL remove from cells?
HDL removes excess cholesterol from the cells
What does the liver turn cholesterol into?
The liver turns cholesterol into bile
After HDL removes the excess cholesterol where does it give it back?
HDL gives cholesterol back to LDL and also takes some back to the liver
Apoprotein
proteins in lipoproteins
What is Nascent Chylomicron?
Nascent Chylomicron are particles that are formed in the small intestine and are the precursors to mature chylomicrons
What is the % of daily calories an adult should consume in a day from fat?
20-35% of daily calories from fat
What is the % of daily calories children under age 2 should consume in a day from fat?
- 30-35% of daily calories should be from fat
- saturated fat should be less than or equal to 10% of total calories
What should saturated fat be replaced with for children under age 2?
Saturated fat should be replaced with polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fatty acids
What is considered to be a light drinker?
- 1-2 drinks for males daily
- 1 drink for females daily
