Module 5 Flashcards
Exam 2
1
Q
What are lipids?
A
substances that are soluble in organic solvents
2
Q
What are the 3 major categories of lipids?
A
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Sterols
3
Q
What is a residue?
A
An individual monomer
4
Q
What are lipids composed of?
A
Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
5
Q
What can lipids not do?
A
Lipids cannot be polymerized like carbohydrates can
6
Q
What are fatty acids?
A
a chain of carbons linked together
7
Q
What do fatty acids contain?
A
Fatty acids contain a carboxyl group on one end and a methyl group on the other end
8
Q
Is carboxyl hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
A
(COOH) carboxyl is hydrophilic
9
Q
Is methyl hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
A
Methyl (CH3) is hydrophobic
10
Q
What are fatty acids composed of?
A
Fatty acids are composed of phospholipids and triglycerides
11
Q
What is dehydration synthesis? (making something)
A
Water is released; water molecule is formed and released as a byproduct
12
Q
What is happening during synthesizing?
A
during synthesizing, water is being removed
13
Q
What is Fatty Acid Saturation?
A
refers to whether carbon chain is occupied by all of the hydrogen atoms it can hold.
14
Q
What does carbon have to acquire for something to be a Saturated Fatty Acid?
A
Carbon has to have 4 bonds for something to be considered a saturated fatty acid.
15
Q
How do Saturated Fatty Acids stack?
A
Saturated fatty acids stack well because of their linear shape.
16
Q
What has to be acquired to be classified as an Unsaturated Fatty Acid?
A
Fatty acid with one or more double bonds
17
Q
What state is saturated fatty acid at room temp?
A
Solid
18
Q
What state is monosaturated fatty acid at room temp?
A
Liquid
19
Q
What state is polyunsaturated fatty acids at room temp?
A
Liquid
20
Q
What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
A
Fatty acid with one double bond
21
Q
What is a polyunsaturated fat?
A
Fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds
22
Q
What is ALA?
A
- Alpha linoleic acid
- Parent Omega-3 fatty acid
23
Q
What is linoleic acid?
A
Parent Omega-6 fatty acid
24
Q
What type of fatty acid is ALA (Alpha linolenic acid)?
A
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
25
What type of fatty acid is linoleic acid?
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
26
What do short chain fatty acids assist with?
maintaining homeostasis of lipids
27
What are essential fatty acids?
these are lipids that cannot be made by the body.
28
What are the two families of fatty acids?
Omega-6 & Linoleic acid
29
What end is the carboxyl group on the omega?
Alpha end
30
What end is the methyl group on the omega?
Beta end
31
What is Omega-6 a precursor to?
Omega-6 is a precursor to compounds involved in reproduction
32
Where is Omega-6 incorporated?
Omega-6 is incorporated into the cell membrane
33
What does Omega-3 help prevent?
Omega-3 helps prevent tissue inflammation, heart disease, and blood clot formation
34
Where is Omega-3 located?
Omega-3 is located in the cell membrane
35
Do we need to consume more Omega-3 or Omega-6 fatty acid?
Omega-3 fatty acids need to be more consumed
36
What is the most biological form of Omega-3?
- Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)
- Docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
37
Is the conversion rate for Omega- 3 to become EPA then DHA higher or lower?
The conversion for Omega-3 obtaining its most biological form is very low
38
What can Omega-3 improve?
Omega-3 can improve insulin sensitivity
39
What can Omega-3 aid in?
Omega-3 can aid in cellular respiration
40
What does Omega-3 promote?
Omega-3 promotes beta-oxidation
41
How many servings of cold-water fish are required per week?
2 servings/week are recommended for cold-water fish
42
What is the recommended ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids?
4:1- 4 parts Omega-6 to 1 part Omega-3
43
What is hydrogenation?
adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats
44
What are some common diet sources of hydrogenation?
cake, cookies, crackers, margarine
45
What is a trans fatty acid (man-made/synthetic)?
Trans fatty acids are produced through adding hydrogen atoms to double bonds of fatty acids
46
What is the difference between a cis and trans fatty acid?
- a cis fatty acid has hydrogen in the same place as the double bond
- trans gets created during hydrogenation
47
What is associated with dietary trans fatty acids from hydrogenation?
- increased levels of "bad" or low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- reduced levels of "good" or high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- increased risk of heart disease
48
What is a triglyceride composed of?
Triglycerides are composed of a three-carbon glycerol backbone
- three fatty acids
49
What is the primary form of lipid found in food and in the body?
Triglycerides are the primary form of lipid found in food and in the body
50
What happens when we consume too many unsaturated fats?
These unsaturated fats have to compete for more room in the triglycerides
51
What do phospholipids assist with?
Phospholipids assist the body with transporting fat through watery substances
52
What are phospholipids composed of?
Phospholipids are composed of a 3-carbon glycerol backbone
53
Why do lipoproteins utilize phospholipids?
Lipoproteins utilize phospholipids due to their ability to emulsify
54
Is the phosphate head hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
55
Is the phosphate tail hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
56
What do sterols include?
Sterols include cholesterol
57
Where are sterols found?
Sterols are found in testosterone
58
What are sterols used to make?
Sterols are used to make estrogen and vitamin D
59
What is Vitamin D classified as?
Vitamin D is classified as a vitamin and a hormone
60
What makes the most cholesterol in the body?
The liver produces the most cholesterol in the body
61
What fats do you want to stay away from?
Stay away from saturated and trans fat
62
What is the primary energy source for the heart?
Lipids are the primary energy source for the heart
63
What are the two essential fatty acids?
- linoleic acid: Omega-6 (Parent)
- linolenic acid: Omega-3 (Parent)
64
What is linoleic and linolenic acid a precursor to?
Linoleic and linolenic acid are both precursors to eicosanoids that have powerful physiological effects on the body
65
What is fat required for the absorption of?
Fat is required for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K
66
When does absorption in the body decrease?
absorption decreases when there is incomplete fat absorption or fat malabsorption
67
What precursors are associated with cholesterol?
- estrogen
- testosterone
- aldosterone
68
What provides the greatest level of satiety?
Protein provides the greatest level of satiety
69
What causes satiety besides protein?
Fiber causes satiety
70
Where is the only place cholesterol can be obtained from the diet?
Cholesterol can only be found in animal products
71
What is an example of a fat blocker?
They inhibit digestive enzymes, pancreatic lipase that breaks down triglycerides
72
What are fat blockers?
Fat blockers disrupt intestinal fat absorption
73
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a primary type of heart disease linked with fat intake
74
What does a person exhibit with Atherosclerosis?
A person would have a buildup of fatty deposits and streaks in the arteries
75
What is ischemia ?
Ischemia is reduced blood flow to areas of the heart
76
What is myocardial infarction?
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle also known as a heart attack
77
What is a lipoprotein?
Round particles of fat and proteins that travel in the bloodstream and to cells throughout the body
78
What are two types of lipids found in lipoproteins?
Cholesterol and triglycerides are 2 lipids found in lipoprotein
79
What 4 types of lipoproteins does blood contain?
1. Chylomicrons
2. VLDL's
3. LDL's
4. HDL's
80
What do Chylomicron, VLDL's, and LDL's interact with?
These all interact with HDL's
81
What is HDL' s function?
HDL stores and exchanges protein
82
What do VLDL's transport?
VLDL's transport endogenous fats
83
Where are Chylomicrons made?
Chylomicrons are made in the cells of the small intestine
84
What do Chylomicrons transport?
Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids to the liver
85
What is lipogenesis?
Making endogenous fat
86
Where does lipogenesis occur?
Lipogenesis occurs in the liver
87
What is IDL?
Intermediate lipoprotein
88
What is VLDL?
Very-low-density-lipoproteins
89
What new identity does VLDL take on?
It takes on the identity of IDL
90
What does VLDL not give away?
VLDL does not give away cholesterol
91
When does VLDL turn into IDL?
VLDL turns into IDL after it gives away triglycerides
92
What is LDL?
Low-density-lipoprotein
93
When are LDL's formed?
LDLs are formed after VLDL's deposit triglycerides into other tissues
94
What type of cholesterol does LDL deliver?
"bad cholesterol"
95
What does LDL give away?
LDL gives away cholesterol
96
What is HDL?
High-density-lipoprotein
97
Where are HDL's made?
HDL is made in the liver, but also some in the small intestine
98
What does HDL remove from cells?
HDL removes excess cholesterol from the cells
99
What does the liver turn cholesterol into?
The liver turns cholesterol into bile
100
After HDL removes the excess cholesterol where does it give it back?
HDL gives cholesterol back to LDL and also takes some back to the liver
101
Apoprotein
proteins in lipoproteins
102
What is Nascent Chylomicron?
Nascent Chylomicron are particles that are formed in the small intestine and are the precursors to mature chylomicrons
103
What is the % of daily calories an adult should consume in a day from fat?
20-35% of daily calories from fat
104
What is the % of daily calories children under age 2 should consume in a day from fat?
- 30-35% of daily calories should be from fat
- saturated fat should be less than or equal to 10% of total calories
105
What should saturated fat be replaced with for children under age 2?
Saturated fat should be replaced with polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fatty acids
106
What is considered to be a light drinker?
- 1-2 drinks for males daily
- 1 drink for females daily
107
