MODULE 9- Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brain + Spinal Cord

Question 1

lower motor neurons

Answer 1

the “final common path” for initiating movement

Question 2

descending systems (upper motor neurons)

Answer 2

-motor cortex
-brainstem centers

Question 3

motor cortex is responsible for

Answer 3

planning, initiating, + directing voluntary movements

Question 4

brainstem cortex is responsible for

Answer 4

stereotypical movements, postural control, + gain adjustments

Question 5

basal ganglia is responsible for

Answer 5

initiation of intended movement + suppression of unwanted movement

Question 6

cerebellum is responsible for

Answer 6

coordination of ongoing movement

Question 7

local circuit neurons are responsible for

Answer 7

sensorimotor integration + central pattern generation

Question 8

motor neuron pools consist of

Answer 8

lower motor neurons

Question 9

motor + “premotor” areas of the FRONTAL LOBES are important for what

Answer 9

planning + precise control of movement

Question 10

lateral/ventral corticospinal tract

Answer 10

limb/trunk muscles

Question 11

corticobulbar tract

Answer 11

facial muscles + tongue

Question 12

motor control centers in the BRAINSTEM are important for

Answer 12

postural control

Question 13

motor control centers of frontal lobes (2)

Answer 13

-lateral/ventral corticospinal tract
-corticobulbar tract

Question 14

motor control centersof brainstem (2)

Answer 14

-lateral + medial vestibulospinal stracts
-reticulospinal tract

Question 15

upper motor neurons in cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in medial ventral horn is direct/indirect

Answer 15

indirect

Question 16

upper motor neurons in cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in lateral ventral horn are direct/indirect

Answer 16

direct

Question 17

premotor cortex or primary motor cortex is more anterior

Answer 17

premotor cortex

Question 18

premotor cortex does movement planning/execution

Answer 18

movement planning

Question 19

primary motor cortex does movement planning/execution

Answer 19

movement execution

Question 20

what are the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex

Answer 20

pyramidal cells of cortical layer 5

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Question 21

Betz cells

Answer 21

largest neurons in the human CNS
-accounts for 5% of the corticospinal tract

Question 22

what accounts for the rest of the upper motor nuerons in the primary motor cortex + premotor cortex

Answer 22

smaller non-Betz cells

Question 23

are Betz cells the principal upper motor neurons of the motor cortex

Answer 23

NO
-Betz cells are often wrongly assumed to be the principal upper motor neurons of the motor cortex
-pyramidal cells of cortical layer 5 are

Question 24

despite their small numbers, Betz cells play an important role in what

Answer 24

the activation of lower motor neurons that control muscle activities in the distal extremities

Question 25

where does the corticobulbar tract terminate

Answer 25

in the brainstem

Question 25

where does the corticospinal tract terminate

Answer 25

in the spinal cord

Question 26

how does the lateral branch of the corticospinal tract terminate

Answer 26

decussates (90%)

Question 27

how does the ventral branch of the corticospinal tract terminate

Answer 27

terminates bilaterally

Question 28

key areas where facial expressions of emotion are impaired due to damage (e.g., stroke)

Answer 28

-primary motor cortex (middle cerebral artery) of cingulate motor area (anterior cerebral artery)
-contralateral facial motor nucleus (VIII)
-or its nerve

Question 29

the amount of fine motor control required of the musculature is proportional to what

Answer 29

the amount of motor cortex devoted to it

Question 30

motor cortex

Answer 30

a map of organized movements

Question 31

T/F: the motor cortex is a map of individual muscles

Answer 31

FALSE
-it is a map of organized movements

Question 32

motor maps are created using stimulation applied to the ____

Answer 32

cortical surface

Question 33

how are muscles used in fine motor control are represented on motor maps

Answer 33

represented by a greater area of the motor cortex

Question 34

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 34

non-invasive stimulation of the human brain
-uses electromagnetic coil + pulsed magnetic field to stimulate cortical region

Question 35

stopped at slide 12